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ent 101 Flashcards

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1
Q

a single layer of living cells

A

epidemic

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2
Q

non living layer

A

cuticle - cant grow

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3
Q

advantages of exoskeleton

A
  • suit of amor
  • prevent water movement
  • protects from physical damage
  • barrier from pathogens and predators
    -resists ultraviolet rays
  • structure for muscle attachment
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4
Q

disadvantages of exoskeleton

A
  • cant sense surroundings
  • cant grow inside suit of amor
  • must molt
    cant grow to big
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5
Q

molting

A

immature insects (nymphs and larvae) specialized to grow and BLANK often

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6
Q

stages are numbered BLANK during molting

A

instars

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7
Q

how to get out of the old skin

A

old cuticle split and arthropod wiggles out of it then it hardens and darkens

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8
Q

when should an insect molt

A

when the hormones are released

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9
Q

ecdysone

A

hormone that is sent that is a message that means it times to molt produces just before each molt

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10
Q

juvenile hormone

A

message that means to stay immature
-present when changing into nymph/larvae instars
- less is presented when changing into a pupa
- none is presented the changing to an adult

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11
Q

insect growth regulation

A

insecticide that mimics juvenile hormones
- insects can never turn into an adult

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12
Q

olfactory receptors

A

smell - detect airborne molecules like order and pheromones
- hairs on antanne

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13
Q

Gustatory Receptors

A
  • taste - hairs that detect molecules by contact
  • on mouthparts and feet
  • each hair has a cell that respond to a certain type of chemical like our tastebuds
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14
Q

Mechanoreceptors hairs

A

sense of touch - hairs bend when they touch something

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15
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

sense of hearing - hairs feel vibrations

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16
Q

tympanum

A

some insects have BLANK a thin spot in exoskeleton for hearing

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17
Q

insect vison

A

insects have compound eyes `

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18
Q

ommatidia

A

individual lenses of the compound eye

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19
Q

each ommatidium provides a small part of the picture so the insects see a BLANK image

A

mosaic like

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20
Q

do insects see color

A

insects do see in color but the range is shifted forward to ultraviolet compared to ours

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21
Q

how does information get transmitted from sensory receptors to generate a response

A

nervous system

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22
Q

general role of the nervous system

A
  • collect and transmit sensory information
  • control response
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23
Q

basic unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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24
Q

anatomy of a neuron

A

-dendrites
- cell body
- axon

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25
Q

dendrites

A

receiving message

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26
Q

cell body

A

contains genetic information

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27
Q

axon

A

sends message to next neuron

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28
Q

how are messages sent

A

synapses

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29
Q

synapse

A

gap between neurons

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30
Q

neurotransmitters

A

molecules released from an axon that carry the message across the synapse to the next neurons dendrites

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31
Q

acetylcholine

A

one main function is telling muscles to contract

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32
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

enzymes that breaks down acetylcholine so quits sending the message

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33
Q

serotonin

A

present in insects venom ( appetite and sleep in humans)

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34
Q

dopamine

A

aversions learning in anthropoids ( reward learning in mammals)

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35
Q

noradrenaline

A

fight or flight response

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36
Q

most chemical insectidides are most

A

nerve posions

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37
Q

chemical insecticides

A
  • mimicking acetylcholine
  • interfering with the function of acetylcholinesterase
  • causes continual muscle contraction tremors ect
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38
Q

nervous system basic

A

same in insects and humans
- neurons
- neurotransmitters

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39
Q

insects have a BLANK nerve cord

A

ventral - belly side

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40
Q

ganglia

A

mini brains found in each body segments

41
Q

decentralized nervous system

A

brain and ganglia controlling body functions and behavior

42
Q

spiracles

A

opening not he side of the throat and abdomen of most insect
- air and enters and leaves the respiratory stem through these openings

43
Q

tracheae/tracheoles

A

system of tubes (connected ti spiracles) that delivers oxygen directly to cell

44
Q

respotory system in insects

A

carry oxygen directly to cells

45
Q

how do aquatic insects breath

A

gills, going to the surface ti breath, carry a bubble of air with them

46
Q

circulatory system

A

dorsal blood vessels (heart)

47
Q

insect circulatory system

A

open ciculatroy system - open ended tubular heat

48
Q

blood

A

herolymph

49
Q

blood traces through dorsal blood vessel then dumps into a

A

open cavity

50
Q

insect blood does BLANK transport oxygen

A

NOT

51
Q

insect blood

A

transports nutrients and waste products transports hormones

52
Q

insect blood cells

A

defense against invading objects

53
Q

liquid

A

plasma

54
Q

why isn’t insect blood RED like ours

A

insect blood doesn’t carry oxygen so its nit red colored

55
Q

most insects have BLANK reproduction

A

sexual - the male transfers sperm to the female and she uses those sperm to fertilize her eggs

56
Q

sexual reproduction - advantages

A
  • offspring has a mix of genes from 2 parents - new characteristics ad could be better adapted
57
Q

sexual reproduction - disadvantages

A
  • have to find a mate
58
Q

testes

A

produce sperm

59
Q

seminal vesicles

A

store sperm before transfer to female

60
Q

accessory gland

A
  • mafucatures seminal fluid
  • production of spermatophores in some insects
61
Q

seminal fluid

A

liquid that stutains mature sperm

62
Q

aedeagus ( penis)

A

transfers sperm to female

63
Q

ovary

A

produces eggs

64
Q

spermatheca

A

stores sperm after mating

65
Q

accessory gland for female

A

produces glue like substance for eggs coating from egg masses

66
Q

genital chamber

A

receives sperm from male lays eggs

67
Q

males tend to be smaller

A

true

68
Q

unusual reproductive anatamony

A

mayflies - 2 penis 2 vaginas
dragon flies/damselfies - mating wheel
earwigs - second penis that points the wrong way (spare)

69
Q

traumatic insemenation

A

bed bugs will stab the female abdomen and release its sperm directly into her body cavity - the sperm moves through her blood to the ovaries

70
Q

male insects worry about their sperm being used

A

females have spermathecae that store sperm from multiple mates

71
Q

how can males make sure his sperm is used

A
  • mate in a concealed location
    -mate guarding by male
    -mating plug
    -inhibitory pheromones
    -antiaphrodisiac
  • males interfere with sperm of previous male
72
Q

mating plug

A

physically block other males from mating
- bees have sperm that turns into a solid plug

73
Q

inhibitory pheromones

A

chemical injected with sperm that runs off females desire to mate

74
Q

antiaphordisiac

A

chemicals males put on outside of females body to mask her pheromone sent

75
Q

fertilization of eggs

A

fertilization occurs as the egg goes past the spermatheca

76
Q

oviparity

A

females lays fertilized eggs with suffiecnet nutireitns for embryos t complete development

77
Q

assexual reproduction

A

the egg developed into a new individual without fertilization - females can produce without male - offspring are identical to mother

78
Q

in social ants bees and wasps unfertilized eggs become BALNK while fetilized eggs become BLANK

A

unfertilized- male
fertilized - female

79
Q

ovoviparity

A

eggs produced but hatch inside females body

80
Q

viviparity

A

embryos develop inside female not eggs

81
Q

insects mouthparts are responsible for ingestion just like our

A

teeth and tongue

82
Q

labrum

A

a plate that serves as the upper lip in insects with chewing mouthparts
- helps pull food into the mouth

83
Q

manibles

A

like our jaw moves side to side
- chew cut and tear food carry things fighting

84
Q

maxillae

A

function: manipulate food during chewing - palps

85
Q

labium

A

lower lip - manipulates food during chewing - palms

86
Q

what are palps

A

1 pair on maxillae 1 pair on labium
- hav gustatory receoptors to identify food
- some insects will eat food they’ll normally refuse if palps are removed

87
Q

chewing mouth parts are

A

primitive

88
Q

pericing sucking mouth parts

A
  • true bugs
  • fleas
  • mosquitos
  • sucking lice
89
Q

siphoning mouth parts

A

moths and butterflies

90
Q

sponging mouth parts

A

flies - put salvia on food to dissolve it into a liquid

91
Q

three parts of digestive system

A
  • foregut
    -midgut
  • hindgut
92
Q

foregut

A

some digestion occurs here but not much
- lined with cuticle so little nutrient absorption

93
Q

midut

A

digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into surrounding blood

94
Q

hindgut

A

water salt some sugars absorbed defecation is lined with cuticle

95
Q

malpighian tubes

A

remove metabolic waste from blood and gums into handgun so will be excreted from the body

96
Q

ammonia

A

highly toxic requires lots of water

97
Q

urea

A

requires moderate amount of water
- urea+water = urine

98
Q

uric acid

A

very little water

ent 101 (1 decks)

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