ent 101 Flashcards
a single layer of living cells
epidemic
non living layer
cuticle - cant grow
advantages of exoskeleton
- suit of amor
- prevent water movement
- protects from physical damage
- barrier from pathogens and predators
-resists ultraviolet rays - structure for muscle attachment
disadvantages of exoskeleton
- cant sense surroundings
- cant grow inside suit of amor
- must molt
cant grow to big
molting
immature insects (nymphs and larvae) specialized to grow and BLANK often
stages are numbered BLANK during molting
instars
how to get out of the old skin
old cuticle split and arthropod wiggles out of it then it hardens and darkens
when should an insect molt
when the hormones are released
ecdysone
hormone that is sent that is a message that means it times to molt produces just before each molt
juvenile hormone
message that means to stay immature
-present when changing into nymph/larvae instars
- less is presented when changing into a pupa
- none is presented the changing to an adult
insect growth regulation
insecticide that mimics juvenile hormones
- insects can never turn into an adult
olfactory receptors
smell - detect airborne molecules like order and pheromones
- hairs on antanne
Gustatory Receptors
- taste - hairs that detect molecules by contact
- on mouthparts and feet
- each hair has a cell that respond to a certain type of chemical like our tastebuds
Mechanoreceptors hairs
sense of touch - hairs bend when they touch something
Mechanoreceptors
sense of hearing - hairs feel vibrations
tympanum
some insects have BLANK a thin spot in exoskeleton for hearing
insect vison
insects have compound eyes `
ommatidia
individual lenses of the compound eye
each ommatidium provides a small part of the picture so the insects see a BLANK image
mosaic like
do insects see color
insects do see in color but the range is shifted forward to ultraviolet compared to ours
how does information get transmitted from sensory receptors to generate a response
nervous system
general role of the nervous system
- collect and transmit sensory information
- control response
basic unit of the nervous system
neuron
anatomy of a neuron
-dendrites
- cell body
- axon
dendrites
receiving message
cell body
contains genetic information
axon
sends message to next neuron
how are messages sent
synapses
synapse
gap between neurons
neurotransmitters
molecules released from an axon that carry the message across the synapse to the next neurons dendrites
acetylcholine
one main function is telling muscles to contract
acetylcholinesterase
enzymes that breaks down acetylcholine so quits sending the message
serotonin
present in insects venom ( appetite and sleep in humans)
dopamine
aversions learning in anthropoids ( reward learning in mammals)
noradrenaline
fight or flight response
most chemical insectidides are most
nerve posions
chemical insecticides
- mimicking acetylcholine
- interfering with the function of acetylcholinesterase
- causes continual muscle contraction tremors ect
nervous system basic
same in insects and humans
- neurons
- neurotransmitters
insects have a BLANK nerve cord
ventral - belly side
ganglia
mini brains found in each body segments
decentralized nervous system
brain and ganglia controlling body functions and behavior
spiracles
opening not he side of the throat and abdomen of most insect
- air and enters and leaves the respiratory stem through these openings
tracheae/tracheoles
system of tubes (connected ti spiracles) that delivers oxygen directly to cell
respotory system in insects
carry oxygen directly to cells
how do aquatic insects breath
gills, going to the surface ti breath, carry a bubble of air with them
circulatory system
dorsal blood vessels (heart)
insect circulatory system
open ciculatroy system - open ended tubular heat
blood
herolymph
blood traces through dorsal blood vessel then dumps into a
open cavity
insect blood does BLANK transport oxygen
NOT
insect blood
transports nutrients and waste products transports hormones
insect blood cells
defense against invading objects
liquid
plasma
why isn’t insect blood RED like ours
insect blood doesn’t carry oxygen so its nit red colored
most insects have BLANK reproduction
sexual - the male transfers sperm to the female and she uses those sperm to fertilize her eggs
sexual reproduction - advantages
- offspring has a mix of genes from 2 parents - new characteristics ad could be better adapted
sexual reproduction - disadvantages
- have to find a mate
testes
produce sperm
seminal vesicles
store sperm before transfer to female
accessory gland
- mafucatures seminal fluid
- production of spermatophores in some insects
seminal fluid
liquid that stutains mature sperm
aedeagus ( penis)
transfers sperm to female
ovary
produces eggs
spermatheca
stores sperm after mating
accessory gland for female
produces glue like substance for eggs coating from egg masses
genital chamber
receives sperm from male lays eggs
males tend to be smaller
true
unusual reproductive anatamony
mayflies - 2 penis 2 vaginas
dragon flies/damselfies - mating wheel
earwigs - second penis that points the wrong way (spare)
traumatic insemenation
bed bugs will stab the female abdomen and release its sperm directly into her body cavity - the sperm moves through her blood to the ovaries
male insects worry about their sperm being used
females have spermathecae that store sperm from multiple mates
how can males make sure his sperm is used
- mate in a concealed location
-mate guarding by male
-mating plug
-inhibitory pheromones
-antiaphrodisiac - males interfere with sperm of previous male
mating plug
physically block other males from mating
- bees have sperm that turns into a solid plug
inhibitory pheromones
chemical injected with sperm that runs off females desire to mate
antiaphordisiac
chemicals males put on outside of females body to mask her pheromone sent
fertilization of eggs
fertilization occurs as the egg goes past the spermatheca
oviparity
females lays fertilized eggs with suffiecnet nutireitns for embryos t complete development
assexual reproduction
the egg developed into a new individual without fertilization - females can produce without male - offspring are identical to mother
in social ants bees and wasps unfertilized eggs become BALNK while fetilized eggs become BLANK
unfertilized- male
fertilized - female
ovoviparity
eggs produced but hatch inside females body
viviparity
embryos develop inside female not eggs
insects mouthparts are responsible for ingestion just like our
teeth and tongue
labrum
a plate that serves as the upper lip in insects with chewing mouthparts
- helps pull food into the mouth
manibles
like our jaw moves side to side
- chew cut and tear food carry things fighting
maxillae
function: manipulate food during chewing - palps
labium
lower lip - manipulates food during chewing - palms
what are palps
1 pair on maxillae 1 pair on labium
- hav gustatory receoptors to identify food
- some insects will eat food they’ll normally refuse if palps are removed
chewing mouth parts are
primitive
pericing sucking mouth parts
- true bugs
- fleas
- mosquitos
- sucking lice
siphoning mouth parts
moths and butterflies
sponging mouth parts
flies - put salvia on food to dissolve it into a liquid
three parts of digestive system
- foregut
-midgut - hindgut
foregut
some digestion occurs here but not much
- lined with cuticle so little nutrient absorption
midut
digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into surrounding blood
hindgut
water salt some sugars absorbed defecation is lined with cuticle
malpighian tubes
remove metabolic waste from blood and gums into handgun so will be excreted from the body
ammonia
highly toxic requires lots of water
urea
requires moderate amount of water
- urea+water = urine
uric acid
very little water
