Enquiry Question 4: How can coastlines be managed to meet the needs of all players? Leave the first rating

Question 1

Economic loss

Answer 1

Damage to infrastructure, loss of earnings and trade, job losses and unemployment

Question 2

Social loss

Answer 2

Health/mortality, housing, healthcare, education

Question 3

Climate change

Answer 3

A large-scale, long-term shift in the planet’s weather patterns and average temperatures (Met Office 2018)

Question 4

Environmental refugee

Answer 4

Individuals that have been forced to move due to gradual/sudden changes in their natural environments attributed to phenomena such as climate change and flooding.

Question 5

Hard engineering

Answer 5

Expensive, short-term options to protect coastal environments from physical processes (such as erosion).

Question 6

Soft engineering

Answer 6

Less expensive, long-term and more sustainable options to protect coastal environments from physical processes (such as erosion).

Question 7

Groyne

Answer 7

A wooden barrier built perpendicular to the sea to reduce the movement of beach material through longshore drift.

Question 8

Sea wall

Answer 8

Sea wall

Hard engineering method which reflects wave energy.

Question 9

Rip rap

Answer 9

Loose rocks/boulders placed at the foot of a cliff/structure to dissipate wave energy.

Question 10

Revetment

Answer 10

a sloping barrier/fence placed on the beach or foot of a cliff to dissipate/diminish wave energy.

Question 11

Offshore breakwater

Answer 11

They provide shoreline protection by intercepting incoming waves, and diminishing wave energy.

Question 12

Beach nourishment

Answer 12

a process by which sediment, usually sand, lost through longshore drift or erosion is replaced from other sources (such as offshore dredging)

Question 13

Cliff re-grading

Answer 13

Restructuring a cliff to reduce the gradient of the cliff face to improve stability. This reduces the likelihood of mass movement.

Question 14

Drainage

Answer 14

Pipes installed in to the cliff can help to channel groundwater out of the cliff, in turn helping to stabilise the cliff

Question 15

Dune stabilisation

Answer 15

A combination of methods used to reduce due erosion and encourage deposition. This includes fenced areas to Reduce trampling, old Christmas trees to stabilise bare sand/encourage despoliation, replenish sand in eroded areas.

Question 16

ICZM

Answer 16

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Question 17

Gabion

Answer 17

metal cage filled with rocks placed at areas affected by marine erosion to diminish wave energy

Question 18

Terminal groyne effect

Answer 18

Occurs where groynes trap sediment between the barriers, but results in a sediment deficit down the coastline. As a consequence erosion continues down the coast, and the land is set-back from the protected coast.

Question 19

No Active Intervention

Answer 19

No investment in protecting against flooding/erosion. Coast is allowed to erode/flood.

Question 20

Strategic/Managed Realignment

Answer 20

Allow the coast to move naturally but manage the process to direct it.

Question 21

Hold the Line

Answer 21

Build/maintain coastal defences so that existing coastline position stays the same

Question 22

Advance the Line

Answer 22

Build new coastal defences on the seaward side of existing coastline (e.g. land reclamation).