enquiry question 2: what are the impacts of superpowers on the global economy, political systems and the physical environment

Question 1

Global Shift

Answer 1

International relocation of different types of industrial activity , especially manufacturing industries. (e.g. movement from North America and Europe to Asia and South America.) This is a result of offshoring, outsourcing and new business start-ups in emerging economies.

Question 2

Chaebols

Answer 2

Small, family owned South Korean businesses - which grew rapidly thanks for FDI e.g. Samsung, Hyundai, LG

Question 3

Tiger economies

Answer 3

Rapidly developing economies of NICs during the 1950s-1970s, including South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Success and resulting regional shift in production (see Flying Geese Theory) led to the growth of Malaysia, China and India.

Question 4

BRICs

Answer 4

Brazil, Russia, India and China - 4 main emerging economies (NICs/RICs)

Question 5

Waged work

Answer 5

The worker sells their labour power under a formal or informal employment contract.

Question 6

Poverty reduction

Answer 6

Using economic and humanitarian measures to reduce the incidence and effects of poverty.

Question 7

Unplanned settlements

Answer 7

Areas that are developed without a formal planning processes, where informal housing, infrastructure or industry may be set up.

Question 8

Resource Pressure

Answer 8

Increased demand on natural resources - such as water, fossil fuels, rare-earth elements or metals.

Question 9

Water pollution

Answer 9

“…when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment.” (Source: nrdc.org)

Question 10

Land degradation

Answer 10

Extreme weather conditions or human activity can pollute, or reduce the soil quality and land utility of a given area.

Question 11

Loss of biodiversity

Answer 11

Declining number and variety of the species in an area

Question 12

Contamination

Answer 12

The pollution or poisoning of a substance which renders it unfit for purpose or inferior.
e.g. water or soil quality.

Question 13

Depopulation

Answer 13

The reduction in the number of people in an area.

Question 14

Unemployment

Answer 14

When a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work.

Question 15

Centripetal migration

Answer 15

Movement of people towards the centre of urban areas

Question 16

Megacity

Answer 16

Cities with a population of 10 million people or more.

Question 17

Affordable housing

Answer 17

Housing which is deemed affordable to those with a median household income or below as rated by the national government or a local government.

Question 18

Youth unemployment rate

Answer 18

“The number of unemployed 15-24 year-olds expressed as a percentage of the youth labour force.” (Source: https://data.oecd.org/)

Question 19

Deindustrialisation

Answer 19

Decline of regionally significant manufacturing industries due to outsourcing/offshoring/increased foreign competition (decreased output, decreased workforce)

Question 20

Global hub cities

Answer 20

Cities that are highly globally connected. Sometimes called world cities.

Question 21

Elite migration

Answer 21

Migration of highly skilled or socially influential individuals (e.g. Russian oligarchs in London).

Question 22

Low-waged economic migration

Answer 22

Low skilled workers are attracted to global hub cities, such as London, LA, Dubai working in areas such as hospitality and construction.

Question 23

Entrepreneurs

Answer 23

People who risk their time, money, and other resources to start and manage a business.

Question 24

Remittances

Answer 24

Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries.

Question 25

Public spending

Answer 25

Expenditure by government departments and local authorities (e.g. healthcare, education, infrastructure).

Question 26

Start-up (business)

Answer 26

“A company in the first stage of its operations - founded by entrepreneurs who want to develop a product or service for which they believe there is a demand. These companies generally start with high costs and limited revenue which is why they look for capital from a variety of sources.” (Source: www.investopedia.com)

Question 27

Brain Drain

Answer 27

The loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

Question 28

High dependency ratio

Answer 28

When a country that has a large percentage of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65.

Question 29

Cultural diffusion

Answer 29

The spread of one culture to another by various means

Question 30

Westernisation

Answer 30

A process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values.

Question 31

Cultural erosion

Answer 31

The changing and loss of culture, such as language and food.

Question 32

Cultural imperialism

Answer 32

The promotion of one culture over another - usually occurs where the culture of a wealthier more powerful nation exerts its culture over another smaller, less affluent country.

Question 33

Cultural Homogenisation

Answer 33

The process by which cultural diffusion/erosion/imperialism result in places developing cultures that are very similar to one another and lacks unique or distinguishable culture.