enquiry question 2: what are the impacts of superpowers on the global economy, political systems and the physical environment Flashcards
Global Shift
International relocation of different types of industrial activity , especially manufacturing industries. (e.g. movement from North America and Europe to Asia and South America.) This is a result of offshoring, outsourcing and new business start-ups in emerging economies.
Chaebols
Small, family owned South Korean businesses - which grew rapidly thanks for FDI e.g. Samsung, Hyundai, LG
Tiger economies
Rapidly developing economies of NICs during the 1950s-1970s, including South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Success and resulting regional shift in production (see Flying Geese Theory) led to the growth of Malaysia, China and India.
BRICs
Brazil, Russia, India and China - 4 main emerging economies (NICs/RICs)
Waged work
The worker sells their labour power under a formal or informal employment contract.
Poverty reduction
Using economic and humanitarian measures to reduce the incidence and effects of poverty.
Unplanned settlements
Areas that are developed without a formal planning processes, where informal housing, infrastructure or industry may be set up.
Resource Pressure
Increased demand on natural resources - such as water, fossil fuels, rare-earth elements or metals.
Water pollution
“…when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment.” (Source: nrdc.org)
Land degradation
Extreme weather conditions or human activity can pollute, or reduce the soil quality and land utility of a given area.
Loss of biodiversity
Declining number and variety of the species in an area
Contamination
The pollution or poisoning of a substance which renders it unfit for purpose or inferior.
e.g. water or soil quality.
Depopulation
The reduction in the number of people in an area.
Unemployment
When a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work.
Centripetal migration
Movement of people towards the centre of urban areas
Megacity
Cities with a population of 10 million people or more.
Affordable housing
Housing which is deemed affordable to those with a median household income or below as rated by the national government or a local government.
Youth unemployment rate
“The number of unemployed 15-24 year-olds expressed as a percentage of the youth labour force.” (Source: https://data.oecd.org/)
Deindustrialisation
Decline of regionally significant manufacturing industries due to outsourcing/offshoring/increased foreign competition (decreased output, decreased workforce)
Global hub cities
Cities that are highly globally connected. Sometimes called world cities.
Elite migration
Migration of highly skilled or socially influential individuals (e.g. Russian oligarchs in London).
Low-waged economic migration
Low skilled workers are attracted to global hub cities, such as London, LA, Dubai working in areas such as hospitality and construction.
Entrepreneurs
People who risk their time, money, and other resources to start and manage a business.
Remittances
Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries.
Public spending
Expenditure by government departments and local authorities (e.g. healthcare, education, infrastructure).
Start-up (business)
“A company in the first stage of its operations - founded by entrepreneurs who want to develop a product or service for which they believe there is a demand. These companies generally start with high costs and limited revenue which is why they look for capital from a variety of sources.” (Source: www.investopedia.com)
Brain Drain
The loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
High dependency ratio
When a country that has a large percentage of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65.
Cultural diffusion
The spread of one culture to another by various means
Westernisation
A process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values.
Cultural erosion
The changing and loss of culture, such as language and food.
Cultural imperialism
The promotion of one culture over another - usually occurs where the culture of a wealthier more powerful nation exerts its culture over another smaller, less affluent country.
Cultural Homogenisation
The process by which cultural diffusion/erosion/imperialism result in places developing cultures that are very similar to one another and lacks unique or distinguishable culture.
