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water cycle > Enquiry 1 what are the processes operating within the hydrological cycle from global to local scale > Flashcards

Enquiry 1 what are the processes operating within the hydrological cycle from global to local scale Flashcards

1
Q

water cycle

A

operates on a variety of scales where physical processes control the circulation of water between stores on land, oceans, the cryosphere and atmosphere

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2
Q

type of cycle

A

closed system with inputs (precip), outputs, stores and flows

driven by solar energy and gravitational potential energy

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3
Q

stage 1

A

EVAPORATION: water vapour from oceans is lifted and condensed in the atmosphere to form clouds

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4
Q

stage 2

A

MOISTURE: transported around the globe, some evaporates back into atmos and some percolate the ground to form groundwater

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5
Q

stage 3

A

Balance of water that remains on the surface is called RUNOFF and is emptied into lakes, rivers and streams which carry it back to the ocean

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6
Q

ocean store

A

water- 96.9%

residence time- 3,600yrs

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7
Q

Icecaps

A

water- 1.9%

residence time- 15,000yrs (size dependent)

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8
Q

groundwater

A

water- 1.1

residence time- up to 10,000 yrs

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9
Q

rivers/lakes

A

water-0.01

residence time- 2 weeks to 10yrs

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10
Q

blue water

A

water in rivers/lakes (visible)

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11
Q

green water

A

water in soil/vegetation (invisible)

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12
Q

deep-seated groundwater

A 
not renewable
Sahara desert
fossil water
result of the pluvial period
not reachable
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13
Q

accessible stores

A

soil moisture

lost to other stores by evap/ transpiration/ groundwater flow

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14
Q

water for life support

A

2.5% of global water is freshwater
rivers have 0.007% so are a source of conflict/disputes
30% in groundwater/ some fossil water (slow turnover period)

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15
Q

drainage basin

A

an area of land drained by a river

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16
Q

interception

A

precip that does not reach the soil as it is intercepted by vegetation and forest floor

17
Q

throughflow

A

flowing of water within the soil, moving towards the river

18
Q

infiltration

A

water on the ground soaking into the soils and porous rock

19
Q

percolation

A

movement of water through the soil or underlying porous rock, being stored as groundwater

20
Q

outputs in a drainage basin

A 
evapo
runoff (all the water that enters a river channel and eventually flows out of the drainage basin)
21
Q

evapotranspiration in a drainage basin system

A

the total output of water from the drainage basin directly into the atmos

22
Q

stores in a drainage basin

A 
interception storage
surface water
soil water
groundwater
channel storage
23
Q

transfers in a drainage basin

A

stemflow
infiltration
overland flow
channel flow

24
Q

watershed

A

boundary that separates one drainage basin from another, typically following a ridge or high land

25
Q

drainage basin as an open system

A

it exchanges matter with its surroundings

26
Q

human disruptions to the drainage basin

A 
deforestation
farming and irrigation 
dam construction 
pollution from industry
urbanisation
27
Q

physical factors affecting outputs (climate)

A

climate- (temp and precip patterns determine availability and vary according to latitude)
seasonality determines patterns
summer temp increases evap but plant growth increases transpiration
equatorial areas receive the most rainfall

28
Q

physical factors affecting outputs (geology)

A

geology- determines underground storage according to permeability

29
Q

physical factors affecting outputs (river systems)

A

flow increases downstream but climate creates variation in discharge and water loss

30
Q

Water budgets

A

Show the annual balance between inputs (precipitation) and outputs(evapotranspiration) and their impact on soil water availability

31
Q

Water budgets influenced by

A

Climate types

Temperate- mood temps and steady climate

Tropical-tropical wet/ monsoon/ wet and dry seasons

Polar-tundra and Ice caps. Tundra summers are short and in ice cap seasons temps are seldom above freezing

32
Q

Storm hydrographs main features

A

Peak discharge- reached after peak rainfall

Rainfall input- discharge rise and rising limb

Storm input cease and river water decrease- recessional limb

Time interval- between peak rainfall and discharge= lag time

Discharge returns to normal (base flow)

33
Q

Storm hydrographs shape factors

A 
Shape- circular basin( shorter lag time and ‘flashy river’)
Elongated basin (delayed and ‘flat river’)

Weather/climate- high temp (high evap) and steady rain (less infiltration) = flat river

Human activity- urbanisation(impermeable) = flashy river

34
Q

Soil moisture budget

A

Soil moisture surplus

Soil water utilisation

Soil water deficit

Soil water recharge

Field capacity

water cycle (2 decks)

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