Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Enodcrine M1 Spring > Flashcards

Enodcrine M1 Spring Flashcards

1
Q 
The ability of hormones to be effective regulators of biological function despite circulating at low concentration results from?
A) Transport protein 
B) competitive binding
C)signal amplification 
D) the multiplicity of their effects
E) Pleiotropic
A

C) single amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Within the endocrine system,specificity of communication is determined by:
A) the chemical nature of the hormone
B) Anatomic connections between the endocrine and target cells
C) the distance between the endocrine cell and its target cell(s)
D) the affinity of bind between the hormone and its receptor
E) the presence of specific receptors on target cells

A

E) the presence of specific receptors on target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
Most peptide and protein hormones are synthesized as:
A) A pleiotropic hormone
B) Propressohysin 
C) Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
D) A preprohormone 
E)A secretagogoue
A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following conditions is consistent with a decreased rate of andrenocrotioctrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion?

A) hyperosmolality of the blood
B) Primary adrenal insufficiency
C) Stress as a result of emotional trauma
D) Loss of hypothalamic neurons
E) Increased PKA activity in corticotrophs

A

D) Loss of hypothalamic neurons

You loose the hypothalamus, you lose CRH, which means no ACTH release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The primary form of cortisol in the plasma is that which is:

A) Bound to albumin
B) free in solution
C) Bound to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)
D) bound to cortisol receptors

A

C) bound to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A 30 year old woman completed a fountain pregnancy with the uncomplicated delivery of a normal sized baby girl 6 months ag. The woman is currently experienced galactorrehea. Band hand not yet resulted Regular menestral preioidus, thea baby has been bottled fed since birth. What is the most lily explanation of the galactorrhea?

A) insufficient TSH section 
B) excess prolactin section 
C) Reduced growth hormone secretion 
D) increased dopamine synthesis in the hypothalamus 
E) normal postpartum depression
A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A decrease in blood volume would result in an increase in the section of:

A) ACTH
B) somatostatin
C) neurophysin
D) oxytocin

A

C

Neurophysin is a trafficking protein. Where there is an increase in vasopressin there is an increase in neurophysin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A 50 yo male complain of decreased muscle strength ,libido, and exercise intolerance. Examination reveals a 10% reduction in lean body mass and an increase in body fat, primarily localized to the abdomen region. Thyroid levels are normal. Which diagnosis is most consistent with these symptoms?

A) GH deficiency 
B) Acromegaly
C) Addison disease 
D) Prolactin deficiency 
E) Glucocorticoid deficiency
A

A
Hint: decrease muscle strength, exercise intolerance

Note: Addison diseases and glucocorticoid deficiency is pretty much the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

For evaluation of possible adrenocortiocal dysfunction in a middle aged man, ACTH and cortisol were measured in blood samples taken at 8 am, 8: 30am, 8 pm and 8: 30 pm.
The values obtained for ACTH were 110, 90,120, 200 pg/ml respectively. The values obtained for cortisol were 10, 15, 25, 20 mg/dL. The concentrations of ACTH demonstrate:

A) primary adrenal insufficiency 
B) inverted circadian pulsatile release
C) ACTH decreasing tumor 
D) secondary adrenal insufficiency 
E) Normal circadian pulsatile release
A

B

Cortisol takes a long time to make. ACTH levels being high will not instantaneously give you a high cortisol level

ACTH is suppose to be at its highest in the morning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which treatment would proved the greatest therapeutic benefits in patients with acromegaly?

A) GHRH
B) somatostatin 
C) Thyroid Hormone
D) glucocorticoid 
E) insulin
A

B

Somatostatin inhibits everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of the following would be most diagnostic of Cushing disease?

A) deceased serum ACTH, increased serum cortisol, and increased serum insulin
B) increased serum ACTH, increased serum cortisol, and increased serum insulin
C) decreased serum ACTH, decrease serum cortisol, and increased serum insulin
D) increased serum ACTH, decreased serum cortisol and decreased serum insulin
E) increased serum ACTH, decreased serum cortisol and increased urinary free cortisol

A

B

The disease is central disease in the pituitary. Increase in both ACTH and cortisol

Syndrome: decreased ACTH, increased cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is most likely a result of:

A) Cushing disease
B) Defects in adrenal steroidogenic enzymes
C) Defects in ACTH secretion 
D) Defects in aldosterone synthase  
E) Addison disease
A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism through whcih catechlamines stablziE blood glucose concentration in response to hypoglycemia?

A) catecholamines inhibit the release of lactate from the muscle
B) Catecholamines inhibit glycogenolysis is in the liver
C) catecholamines inhibit the release of fatty acids form adipose tissue
D) Catecholamines stimulate gluconeogenis in the liver
E) Catecholamines stimulate glycogen phosphorylase to release glucosamine from muscle

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A patient receiving long term glucocorticoid therapy plans to under a hip replacement surgery. What would the physician recommend prior to surgery and why?

A) glucocorticoids should be decreased to prevent inadequate vascular response to catecholamines during recovery
B) glucocorticoids should be increased to stimulated immune function and prevent possible infection
C) Glucocorticoids should be increased to stimulate ACTH secretin during surgery to promote wound healing
D) Glucocorticoids should be increased to compensate for the increased stress associated with surgery
E) Glucocorticoids should be decreased to prevent serious hypoglycemia during recovery

A

D

By giving Glucocorticoids, you are decreasing the amount of ACTH synthesis on it own by the adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following is most like to result in a deceased rate of aldosterone release?

A) an increase in Renin secretion by the kidney
B) an increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity
C) a decrease in tubule fluid sodium concentration at the macula dense
D) a decease in IP3 in cells of the zona glomerulosa
E) a rise in serum potassium

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A patient complains of generalized weakness and fatigue, anorexia and weigh loss associated with GI symptoms. ( nausea and vomiting). Physical examination notes hyperpigmentation and hypotension. Lab findings include hypnatremia and hyperkalemia. The most likely diagnosis is:

A) congenital adrenal hyperplasia 
B) Primary hypoaldostronism 
C) Addison disease 
D) hypopitutiarism 
C) Glucocorticoid suppressible hyperalderonism
A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Through what “permissive action” do Glucocorticoids accelerate gluconeogenesis during fasting?

A) Glucocorticoids maintenance the vascular response to NE
B) Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue
C) Glucocorticoids stimulate the section of insulin, which activates gluconeogenesis enzymes in the liver
D) Glucocorticoids inhibit the use of glucose by skeletal muscle
E) Glucocorticoids maintain the intracellular concentration of many of the enzymes needed to carry out gluconeogenesis through effects on transcription

A

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the following stimulate both insulin and glucagon section from the pancreas?

A) Epinephrine
B) Acetylcholine
C) both amino acids and acetylcholine
D) Amino acids

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Effect of insulin include:

A) inhibition of amino acid uptake in skeletal muscle
B) stimulation of glucose uptake into all tissues in the body
C) inhibition of protein degradation in skeletal muscle
D) stimulation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue

A

C

There are tissues that are not responsive to insulin.

20
Q

The effects of glucagon include:

A) indirect stimulation of ketogenesis in the liver cell by the inhbiton of pancreatic somatostatin
B) Promotion of gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis in liver cells
C) inhibition of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells
D) primary actions in adipose tissue

A

B

21
Q

A 55 yo man was diagnose with type 1 diabetes at the age of 8. Which would be the most characteristic of his form of the disease?

A) sulfonylurea treatment
B) treatment with exogenous insulin
C) virtual absence of secondary complication
D) insulin resistance

A

B

22
Q

Type 2 diabetes:

A) occurs only in obese individuals
B) Has strong genetic and environmental components of the diseases
C) Is treated in the same manner as type 1
D) in characterized by low or negligible circulating insulin

A

B

23
Q

Which of the following would you least likely see in a person with long standing type 2 diabetes?

A) ketoacidosis
B) neuropathy
C) retinopathy
D) nephropathy

A

A

Ketoacidosis is a symptom of type 1

24
Q

Delta cells of the islet of Lagerhans produce which hormone

A) Glucagon
B) somatostatin
C) Insulin
D) Acetylcholine

A

B

25
Q

The insulin glucagon ratio would be expected to be the lowest:

A) after a 3 day fast
B) after and overnight gastric
C) immediate after a high carbohydrate meal
D) immediately after high protein meal

A

A

26
Q

A child is borne with a rare disorder in which the thyroid gland does not respond to TSH. What would be the predicated effect on mental ability, body growth rate and thyroid gland size when a child reaches 6 years of age?

A) mental ability would be impaired, body growth rate would be slowed, and thyroid gland would be smaller than normal
B) Mental ability would be unaffected, body growth rate would be slowed and thyroid gland would be smaller than normal
C) mental ability would be unaffected, body growth rate would be unaffected, and thyroid gland would be smaller than normal
D) mental ability would be impaired, body growth rate would be slowed and thyroid gland would be normal size
E) Mental ability would be impaired, body growth rate would be slowed and the thyroid gland would be larger than normal

A

A

Because the thyroid gland doesn’t respond to TSH so it won’t get bigger. But if you have a normal thyroid and it respond to TSH, excess TSH will give a bigger than normal thyroid
Note that thyroid hormone crosses the placenta, so when he was in utero he was getting thyroid hormone.

27
Q

A 6 year old child born with a rare disorder in which the gland dozens to respond to TSH. IF the child is treated with thyroid hormones, how would mental ability, body growth rate and thyroid gland size be affected?

A) Mental ability would remain impaired, body growth rate would be improved and thyroid gland would be smaller than normal
B) Mental ability would remain impaired, body growth rate would be improved, and the thyroid gland would be normal size
C) Mental bailout would Ramon impaired, body growth rate would be improved and the thyroid gland would be larger than normal
D) Mental ability would be improved, body growth rate would remained slowed, and the thyroid gland would be normal size
E) Mental ability would be improved, body growth rate would be improved, and the thyroid gland would be normal size

A

A

His thyroid gland doesn’t work, so giving him the thyroid hormone isn’t going to make it work
Once mental ability is impaired, it’s not fixable. It will remain impaired. Body growth will be improved with treatment.

28
Q

Uncoupling proteins:

A) Dissipate the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane to generate heat
B) Are present exclusively in brown fat
C)Are decreased by thyroid hormones
D) Are essential for maintaining body temperature in mammals
E) use the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane to facilitate ATP synthesis

A

A

29
Q

T3:

A) is produced in greater amount by the thyroid gland than T4
B) can be produced by the deiodination of thyroxin (T4) in pituitary thyrothrophs
C)Is bound by the thyroid receptor present in the cytosol of target cell
D) is formed from T4 through the action of the 5- deiodinase D3
E) has a half life of a few minutes in the blood stream

A

B

Every single cell in the body responds to thyroid hormone

C is incorrect because it should be a nucleus receptor
D is wrong because this will make rT3 not T3

30
Q

A 40 year old man complains of chronic fatigue, aching muscles and occasional numbness in his fingers. Physical exam reveals a modest weigh gain, but no goiter is detected. Lab findings included TSH > 10 n U/L ( normal is 0.5- 5) and a free thyroxin (T4) of low -low /normal. These findings are most consistent with a dx of :

A) hypothyroidism secondary to HPA defect
B) Hyperthyroidism asa result of autoimmune thyroid disease
C) Hyperthyroidism secondary t HPA defect
D) Hypothyroidism as a result of iodine deficiency
E) Hypothyroidism as a result of autoimmune thyroid disease

A

E

Hashiomoto -> autoimmune disease and leads to hypothyroidism

In the presence of iodine deficiency you will always have a goiter

31
Q

A 25 year old woman complains of weight loss, heat intolerance, excessive sweating and weakness. TSH and TH are elevated , a goiter is present by no antithyroid antibodies are detected. Which of the following dx is consistent with these symptoms?

A) A D3 deficiency 
B) Graves disease 
C) TSH secreting pituitary tumor 
D) Resistance to TH action 
E) Thyroid gland adenoma
A

C

she has a goiter because there is too much TSH
NO antithyroid antibodies -> no graves disease

If there was only elevated TH and the TSH would be extremely low than it would be a thyroid gland adenoma

32
Q

How is calcium excreted mostly in the body

A

Feces

33
Q

The major route by which ingested phosphate leaves the body is via the

A

Urine

You need D3 to absorb both phosphate and calcium

34
Q

A 42 year old woman develops an autoimmune disease that damages her kidneys. Of the follong conversions which is most likely to be impaired in this person?

A) Choecalciferol to 7 dehydrocholesterol
B) Vitamin D3 to Vitamin D2
C) 25 Hyrdoxycholecalficerol to 1, 25 dihydroxycholefcalcerfol
D) calcium to hydroxyapatite

A

C

35
Q

A 62 year old woman stumbles on a crack in the sidewalk , falls and breaks her right hop. She suffers form a form of metabolic bone disease in which there is an equivalent loss of bone mineral and organic matrix. What is this disease?

A) Rickets
B) Osteolacalcia
C) Paget disease
D) osteoporosis

A

D

36
Q

PTH has effects on bone, kidney and indirectly the GI. The net result of PTH is that it tends to;

A) raise plasma Calcium and lower plasma phosphate
B) lower plasma calcium and raise plasma phosphate
C) lower plasma calcium and phosphate
D) raise plasma calcium and phosphate

A

A

37
Q

A major causal factor is some cases of hypogonadism is?

A) reduced secretion of GnRH
B) increased number of FSH receptors in the testis
C) Failure of the hypothalamus to respond t testosterone
D) Excess secretion of testicular activism by Sertoli cells
E) Hypersecretion of pituitary LH and FSH as the result increased GnRH

A

A

38
Q

The major function of follistatin is to:

A) Reduce testosterone by binding Leydig cells
B) bind activin and thus decrease FSH secretion
C) Bind FSH and increase FSH secretion
D) inhibit the production of seminal fluid
E) Stimulate the production of spermatogonia

A

B

39
Q

Granulosa cells do not produce estradiol from cholesterol because they do not have active:

A) sulfatase 
B) Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein 
C) Aromatase 
D) 17a- hydroxylase 
E) 5a-reductase
A

D

You need aromatase to get estoridial from testosterone

40
Q

A clinical sign indicating the onset of menopause is:

A) an excessive presence of corpora lutea
B) AN increased number of cornified cells in the vagina
C) regular menstrual cycles
D) the onset of menses near age 50
E) An increase in plasma FSH levels

A

E

You can tell that estrogen levels are high when there are cornified cells in the vagina

41
Q

Increased progesterone during the post-ovulatory period associated with:

A) Enhanced development of graffian follicles
B) increased secretion of FSH
C) An increase in basal body temp by 0.5- 1.0 C
D) Proliferation of the uterine endometrium
E) Luteal regression

A

C

Estrogen and progesterone are the cause for uterine endometrium (preovulatory)

42
Q

Disruption of the hypothalamic pituitary portal system will lead to:

A) a reduction in ovarian inhibin levels, followed by increased circulating FSH
B) Enhanced follicular development as a result of increased circulating PRL
C) Excessive androgen production by the ovaries
D) Ovulation, followed by increased circulating levels of progesterone
E) High circulating levels of PRL, Low levels of LH and FSH and ovarian atrophy

A

E

Prolactin in inhibited by GnRH

Hypothalamic pituitary portal system disruption means that the hypothalamus is not sending signals ( hypothalamus not talking to the anterior pituitary)

43
Q

Inhibin is an ovarian hormone that :

A) inhibits the secretion of LH and PRL
B)Has two forms A and B with the same beta subunits but distinct alpha subunits
C)Is produced by granulosa a cells and inhibits the section of FSH
D) only has local ovarian effects and no effect on secretion of FSH
E) Binds activin and increases FSH secretion

A

C

44
Q

The next ovulation cycle after implantation is postponed because of:

A) the production of prostaglandins by the corpus leteum
B) the production of hCG by trophoblast cells
C) low levels of progesterone
D) high levels of PRL
E) the depletion of oocytes on the ovary

A

B

45
Q

Oral steroidal contraceptives are most effective in preventing pregnancy by:

A) reducing sperm motility 
B) inducing a premature LH sure
C) thickening of the cervical mucus 
D) Blocking ovulation 
E) Altering the uterine environment
A

D

Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions