Enlightenment

Question 1

What determined truth before Sci Rev?

Answer 1

Greek/Roman authors or the Bible

Question 2

Geocentric

Answer 2

Earth is the center of the universe; common thinking during the medieval times

Question 3

Scientific Revolution

Answer 3

New way of thinking aboutthe natural world

Question 4

Heliocentric

Answer 4

Sun in the center of the universe

Proving heliocentric: Copernicus -> Tycho Brahe -> Johannes Kepler

Question 5

Galileo Galilei

Answer 5

his observations clashed against the Church’s
He used telescope to find undescovered stars and planets, eventually proposing heliocentric theory

Question 6

Scientific method

Answer 6

new approach to science (empricism)

Francis Bacon & René Descartes helped advance the approach

Question 7

Issac Newton

He was Christian and very religious

Answer 7

Discovered gravity & theory of motion

Question 8

Three effects of scientific revolution

Answer 8

Scientific instruments improved; medicine drastically due to discovering bacteria; Chemestry emerged due to Boyle’s contributions (Boyle’s law)

Question 9

Issace Newton famous quote

Answer 9

“If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants”

Question 10

How did advances during the scientific revolution impact the world politically?

Answer 10

Awakened the drive to use reasoning to solve social problems. Started abandoning old “truths” to find the real truth. Played a big part in the emergence of The Enlightenment

Question 11

Enlightenment

Answer 11

Intellectual movement stressing reason & thought and the power fo individuals to solve problems

Question 12

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 12

Created the social contract; believed people were selfish & wicked at their core, so a strong government was needed for proper order

Question 13

Social Contract

Answer 13

Give up rights and freedoms in exchange for a strong ruler that will instill law & order.

by Thomas Hobbes

Question 14

John Locke

Answer 14

Believed people can learn from experience and everyone had 3 basic rights

Question 15

3 basic human rights

Answer 15

Life, liberty, and property

proposed by John Locke

Question 16

What was the pre-enlightenment idea of a monarchy?

Answer 16

Monarchs gain authority from divine right

Mandate of heaven/divine right of kings/the church’s approval

Question 17

What is the enlightenment idea of government & rulers?

Answer 17

Government’s power come from consent/ruled by the people/for the people

Question 18

Philosophes

Answer 18

mid-1700s social critics in France

believed in reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty

Question 19

François Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

Answer 19

published 70+ books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. Went against clergy, aristocracy, and government (got jailed & exiled)

Question 20

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 20

idolized the british government system but oversimplified many of the ideas when talking about them. These ideas were in “On the Spirit of Laws”

Question 21

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Answer 21

commited to individual freedom; disagreed with other enlightenment philosophes; separation of powers

(i.e. promoted a direct democracy)

Question 22

Cesare Bnesana Beccaria

Answer 22

overlayed the foundations of the modern court system for preserving social order

Question 23

Were philosophes revolutionaries? Why are they connected to revolutions?

Answer 23

Philosophes were not revolutionaries. They oulined and popuralized theories that inspired the American & French revolutions. They started the trend of a new way to think about social problems.

Question 24

What led to the belief that social problems can be solved by reason?

Answer 24

Scientific revolution

Question 25

What are the components of enlightenment?

Answer 25

1. Government by the people, for the people 2. People have natural rights 3. Scientific reasoning can be used to solve social problems

Question 26

How did the scientific revolution provide a framework for Enlightenment?

Answer 26

Scientific revolution showed people the value of resoning. This leads to a dmino of ideologies emerging about social problems being dealt with logically. These ideas clashed with the Church and existing nobility & social class system; causing these ideas to be unresonable to support until Scientific Revolution helped bring it more popularity.

Question 27

Salons

Answer 27

social gatherings hosted by wealthy women in their large drawing rooms

Question 28

Marie Thérèse Geoffrin

Answer 28

helped finance Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 29

Diderot

Answer 29

a philosophe; known for publishing the first encylopedia

Question 30

Encylopedia

Answer 30

the first encylopedia (by Diderot) was a collection of articles and essays by scholars ## Footnote French government hated this

Question 31

Baroq

Answer 31

grand, ornate design; very popular before enlightenment

Question 32

Neoclassical

Answer 32

emerged during the enlightenment; simple & elegant style with ideas & themes form classical Greek & Roman styles

Question 33

Classical | Specifically music that originated during the 1700s

Answer 33

emerged during the enlightenment preiod good old classical music :)

Question 34

What popular medium did women use to express themselves during the Enlightenment?

Answer 34

(some) Women often wrote novels that became very popular. They became a way for people to esacpe reality and immerse themselves into another world.

Question 35

Enlightened despots

Answer 35

Kings/monarchs that embraced enlightened ideas and implemented reforms to rule justly

Question 36

Frederick the Great

Answer 36

king of Purssia; implemented religious tolerance, banned censorship, improved education, reformed justice system; called himself a "servant of the state"

Question 37

Joseph II

Answer 37

Ruled Austria; implemented legal reforms, freedom of press, freedom of worship, **abolished serfdoms**, made sure peasants got payed. Nobles HATED this, so after he died most reforms under him were undone

Question 38

Catherine the Great

Answer 38

Ruled Russia; in contact with philosophes, most notably exchanged letters with Voltaire; proposed many reforms via a commissions she created to check the laws of Russia; ended up implementing limited reforms. After an uprising of reasants, she realised she needed the support of the nobles to keep the throne, therefore she stopped focusing on enlightenment ideas. She also expanded Russia into the Black sea & partitioned Polands