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History-Enlightenment study > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

earth is the center of the universe with the sun and the stars revolving around it.

A

Geocentric theory - scientific theory

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2
Q

Change in European thought (1500s and 1600s) called for scientific observation, experimentation and the questioning of traditional opinions.

A

Scientific Revolution

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3
Q

A method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining and verifying a way to gain scientific knowledge.

A

Scientific method

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4
Q

Scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around the sun.

A

Heliocentric Theory

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5
Q

A time of optimism and possibility from the late 1600s to the late 1700s; also called the Age of Reason/ move from religious to secular thought and use of science.

A

Enlightenment

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6
Q

Gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment.

A

Salons

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7
Q

Agreement between a people and their government, stating that people would give up some of their freedom and in return, their government would provide them with peace, security, and order.

A

Social Contract

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8
Q

Philosophers of the Enlightenment

A

Philosophes

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9
Q

The absolute monarchs in the 18th century Europe who ruled according to the principles of Enlightenment.

A

Enlightened Despots

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10
Q

Polish astronomer; proposed the heliocentric theory.

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

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11
Q

French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist; believed all things should be doubted until they could be proved by reason.

A

Rene Descartes

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12
Q

Developed the scientific method.

A

Francis Bacon

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13
Q

Discovered mathematical laws that govern planetary motion (orbits are elliptical, not circular)

A

Johannes Kepler

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14
Q

Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; discovered the law of motion and invented the first working telescope; in conflict with the Roman Catholic Church.

A

Galileo Galilei

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15
Q

English mathematician and natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects.

A

Sir Isaac Newton

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16
Q

“Father of Modern Chemistry;” he was the first to define an element.

A

Robert Boyle

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17
Q

French philosopher and author; supporter of Deism and advocated a tolerant approach to religion.

A

Voltaire

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18
Q

his book Leviathan, stated that people were naturally selfish and greedy and needed governments for order and safety/ people should be willing to give up some freedoms for peace, safety and order.

A

Thomas Hobbes

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19
Q

his book, Two Treatises on Government declared that people have natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and have the right to rebel against governments that do not protect these rights.

A

John Locke

20
Q

valued the social contract and addressed the nature of man in his work on the Origin of Inequality.

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

21
Q

proposed a government divided into three branes with checks and balances, his ideas greatly influenced the United States Constitution.

A

Baron de Montesquieu

22
Q

leading advocate of laissez faire economics and is considered by some to be the “father of modern economics”

A

Adam Smith

23
Q

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way directly influenced his life.

A

Deism

24
Q

A general tendency to expect good outcomes.

A

Optimism

25
Q

wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle “i think therefore i am;” known as father of modern rationalism, father of modern philosophy.

A

Rene Descartes

26
Q

A government ruled by a king or queen.

A

Monarchy

27
Q

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility.

A

Aristocracy

28
Q

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws

A

Republic

29
Q

a government in which the king or queen has absolute power

A

Absolute Monarchy

30
Q

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property.

A

natural rights

31
Q

drastic change

A

Revolution

32
Q

the division of power among the legislature, executive, and judicial branches of government, developed from Montesquieu

A

Separation of Powers

33
Q

nasty, brutish, short

A

State of Nature

34
Q

a concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole

A

General WIll

35
Q

economic policy under which nations sout to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and sliver and by selling more goods than they bought

A

Mercantilism

36
Q

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

A

Laissez-faire

37
Q

an economic concept that states that the price of the good rises and falls depending on how much of the good is available ( supply)

A

supply and demand

38
Q

people who have been forced to leave their own country

A

exiles

39
Q

the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues

A

satire

40
Q

change

A

reform

41
Q

the statement that only particle or matter in the universe attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and laversely as the square of the distance between them.

A

universal law of gravitation

42
Q

a belief of theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

A

Rationalism

43
Q

a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general

A

inductive reasoning

44
Q

of or relating to an artistic style especially of the 18th century characterized by fancital curved asymmetrical forms and elaborate ornamentation

A

Rococo

45
Q

a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government

A

federal system

46
Q

based on random choice of personal whim, rather than on any reason/system

A

Arbitrary

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