English Subtest 2 Flashcards
0
Q
Middle English
A
- William the Conqueror’s invasion brought French influence to everything
- Canterbury Tales
1
Q
Old English
A
- uses certain characters that no longer appear
- Beowolf
- shared words with Old Norse and Danish
2
Q
Modern English
A
- English Renaissance
- many Greek and Latin words imported
- Great Vowel shift changed the way long vowels were pronounced
- Modern English has added words from languages throughout the world
3
Q
Pidgin
A
- another name for a contact language made up of two or more languages
- bridge gap between people with no common language
- small vocabulary and simple grammatical structure
4
Q
Creolization
A
- when a simple code like pidgin continues to develop over time and acquires native speakers
- in Louisiana - from French and African languages
5
Q
morphology
A
- composition of words
6
Q
Syntax
A
- composition of sentences
7
Q
Phonology
A
- sound patterns of words and phrases
8
Q
Phonetics
A
- actual properties of speech sounds and non-speech sounds
9
Q
Semantics
A
- meaning of words
10
Q
Pragmatics
A
- language usage in context
11
Q
Sociolinguistics
A
- language and society
12
Q
Atomistic/Structuralist
A
- language as a collection of speech sounds, words, and grammatical endings
- system in which each element of sound and meaning is mainly defined by how it relates to other elements
13
Q
Generative Grammar
A
- innate and universal set of linguistic structure
- why young children can learn a new language so easily
14
Q
Universal Grammar
A
- a set of principles that apply to all languages and are unconsciously accessible to every human language user
15
Q
Phoneme
A
- smallest unit of speech sound
16
Q
Grapheme
A
- letter or number of letters that represents a phoneme or sound
17
Q
Morphemic Analysis
A
- identify the parts of words
- prefixes, roots, suffixes and their meanings
18
Q
Inflectional Affixes
A
- word endings that serve various grammatical purposes but don’t change the meaning of the word
- plural s, possessive s, ing, ed, en, er, est
19
Q
Derivational Affixes
A
- alter the meaning of the word by building on a base
- anti, de, ex, mis, ly, er, ion, sion, ness, etc
20
Q
Pragmatics
A
- language as a tool for communication and is concerned with how different types of sentences or phrases are used in different contexts and for different purposes
- intended meaning
21
Q
Etymology
A
- word origin
22
Q
Orthography
A
- standardized system for writing words with the proper letters according to accepted rules of usage
- included spelling rules
23
Q
Transfer
A
- uses his or her second language in a way that is semantically or syntactically appropriate for the first or native language but not for the second
24
Negative Transfer
- when uses skills from a previously learned behavior or topic but applies them incorrectly (take to taked instead of took)
25
Hypercorrection
- when a person who has been corrected for a mistake in usage makes further mistakes in trying to avoid the original error
26
Borrowing
- speaker switches into his first language
| - Spanglish
27
Code-switching
- when a person changes dialects or switches from formal to informal speech depending on the group interacting with
28
Metacognition
- self awareness during the reading process
29
Clausal Modifier
- clause that acts like an adverb or adjective and adds detail to a sentences
- adverb clause, adjective clause, and phrasal modifier
30
Adverb Clause
- phrase that begins with a subordinating conjunction and modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb
- The ballerina left the stage "before the performance ended."
31
Adjective Clause
- clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or other adjective
| - Raymond, "who sang for us yesterday" got a part in the school musical
32
Phrasal Modifier
- phrase that functions as an adjective or adverb in a sentence
- The sweet potatoes "in the bin" are not fresh. (modifies potatoes)
33
Appositional Phrase
- identifies or describes a nearby noun
| - Lebron James, "my favorite basketball player," was voted . . . .
34
Determiners
- always followed by a noun
| - articles (a), possessive nouns (my uncle's), possessive pronouns (his), numbers, and indefinite pronouns (few, more)
35
Modals or Modal Auxiliary Verbs
- set of verbs that are used with other verbs to express capability, possibility, willingness, suggestion, etc
- can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would
36
Verb Complement
- the arrangement of one verb as the object of another verb
| - 3 ways: infinitives, gerunds, noun clauses
37
Infinitives
- "to" with the verb - I told him "to begin."
38
Gerunds
- ing verb that functions as object
| - Juan considered "starting a new job."
39
Noun Clauses
- Our boss requested "that we meet today."
| - She told us "when we should leave."
