English School

Question 1

Foundations of English School

Answer 1

Emerged as a counter to behavioral revolution
–Argued that most important aspects of IR were knowable, but not empirically verifiable

Attempts to combine realism & liberalism
–Borrows concern about ethics from classical realism and interest in regimes from liberalism

•Draws on work of Hugo Grotius, who saw IR as an “international society”
–States are bound by rules and institutions due to expediency and morality

• Methodology is “historical sociology” of state systems
• Argues that it is our duty to socially construct alternative normative orders

Question 2

International Society in English School

Structure and Goals

Answer 2

Founded on principle of state sovereignty
•Structure:
–Group of nation-states formed out of power relations, shared rules and interests, and universal norms

•Goals:
–Limits on the use of force, security of contracts, and assignment of property goods

Question 3

Pluralists in English School

Answer 3

–Argue that states are interested in peaceful coexistence but will only agree to minimum requirements for maintaining world order (i.e. sovereignty, nonintervention, diplomacy)
–States do not have a duty to enforce larger moral principles

Question 4

Solidarists in English School

Answer 4

–Argue that there is potential for mutual respect and enforcement of international law and universal ethics based on shared values and norms
–States have common responsibilities for universal justice

Question 5

UN charter surrounding Iraq War and English School

Answer 5

UN Charter (Art. 2.4):
 –“all Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations”
US’s primary justification for going to war was that Iraq was a threat to international peace and security because of its WMDs and links to terrorist organizations

Question 6

Copeland’s critiques surrounding ES

Answer 6

ES not a theory, doesn’t provide falsifiable hypotheses to be tested
ES ignores implications of anarchy, namely leaders’ uncertainty

Question 7

ES counter argument to copeland

Answer 7

Int’l societies lead to greater cooperation and order among states
–Obstacle #1: What is the dependent variable?
–Obstacle #2: What measures capture change?
–Obstacle #3: What is the causal logic?

Question 8

Legality and Legitimacy Iraq v Kosovo

Answer 8

Iraq (2003)
No UNSC authorization
Crimes against humanity
Prior human rights violations
Presented to UNSC as threat to int’l peace
Viewed as undermining rules about humanitarian intervention

Kosovo (1999)
No UNSC authorization
Crimes against humanity
Ongoing massacres
Presented to UNSC as humanitarian crisis
Viewed as strengthening rules about humanitarian intervention