english quiz

Question 1

other names for the restoration

Answer 1

the enlightenement
the age of reason
the neoclassical era
the Augustan period

Question 2

why is this era aka the enlightenement/ age of reason

Answer 2

• the country shifted from an emotional perspective to a intellectual/factual one
• the industrial revolution influenced the british thoughts and ideas (even literature)
  -signs and punishments from god were analyzed with science (london fire and plague) : people asked how instead of why
• the writing content and style of literature was influenced by scientific writing –> sentences got shorter, extended metaphors

Question 3

Why is this period known as the
Augustan Period?

Answer 3

• refers to the similarities of england and rome (during caesers reign)
  -octavius ruled after caesars murder and is often thought of as the second founder
• similarly, Charles II is taken from exile in France and restored England. He reopened playhouses, brought back a formal court, and exhumed the body of Oliver Cromwell to have it decapitated.

Question 4

Why is this period known as the
Neoclassical Period?

Answer 4

many people during this time were educated on the classics and in the new modern works
- they enjoyed the connection between them and works making references to multiple time periods
- neoclassic–> new classics

Question 5

Why is this time known as the
Restoration?

Answer 5

King charles II was restored to england in 1660
- he brought new artistic and indulgent ways of king louis XIV’s court
-two political parties emerged
Whigs and tories

Question 6

whigs

Answer 6

want to limit royal authority

Question 7

tories

Answer 7

support absolute royal authority

Question 8

restoration of the monarchy

Answer 8

• restoration of charles II to the throne
• ends the republic commonwealth under lord protector oliver cromwell and his son
• brought about a resurgence of royalist culture, festivities, and a relaxation of the Puritanical constraints of the previous era.

Question 9

intellectual development– the enlightenment

Answer 9

shift towards reason, science, and individual rights
- Thinkers such as John Locke advocated for individual freedoms, while the scientific works of Isaac Newton and others reshaped understanding of the world.

Question 10

Growth of Print Culture

Answer 10

• printing press
• democratization of information and literature
• increase in newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets
• increase in spread of ideas

Question 11

Education

Answer 11

• The period saw a significant shift in educational priorities, moving from classical studies to more practical subjects.
• Formal education remained a privilege of the wealthy, but there was a growing push for broader access to learning.

Question 12

Functional Literacy

Answer 12

• rise in literacy rates (particularly among the middle classes and urban populations)
• The spread of newspapers, periodicals, and affordable books played a significant role in promoting functional literacy.
• notable gender gap: While literacy rates rose for both men and women, men generally had higher rates.

Question 13

Long term impacts

Answer 13

• The focus on functional literacy and broader education paved the way for educational reforms in the 19th century.
  -the idea of self-improvement through reading became ingrained in society, laying the foundation for public libraries and adult education programs in the future.

Question 14

THE AGE OF REASON

Answer 14

key features:
empirical approach: emphasis on experimentation and observation and use of the scientific method
questioning of authority: challenging traditional views, especially those of the church and ancient philosophers
mathmetization of nature: understanding the whys of nature through science and math

Question 15

NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD

Answer 15

• Neoclassicism is an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the mid-18th century and lasted until the early 19th century.
• It sought to revive the classical art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome.
• Characteristics include simplicity, symmetry, and a sense of grandeur. Emphasis was on clarity, order, and balance.

Question 16

Influence

Answer 16

-Influenced by discoveries of ancient Roman and Greek artifacts.
- Seen in architecture (e.g., the Pantheon in Paris), sculpture, painting, literature, and theater.
- Famous proponents include artists like Jacques-Louis David and writers like Alexander Pope.

Question 17

Social and Economic Change

Answer 17

• Significant Social Change
  50% of the men are functionally literate (a dramatic rise).
• Fenced enclosures of land cause demise of traditional village life.
• Factories begin to spring up as industrial revolution begins.
• Impoverished masses begin to grow in harsh factory conditions.

Question 18

Urbanization

Answer 18

• Economic and agricultural changes began reshaping the landscape.
• Villages declined in prominence as people migrated to cities for work, especially with the onset of the Industrial Revolution.
• Factors such as agricultural revolution, enclosure movements, and the burgeoning Industrial Revolution contributed to the decline of traditional village life.

Question 19

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 19

• Innovations in farming techniques and tools meant fewer laborers were required for the same amount of work.
• Small-scale farming became less viable, pushing many to seek work in urban factories.
• As agriculture became less labor-intensive and industries grew, the economy began its shift from being predominantly agrarian to industrial.

Question 20

Population Growth

Answer 20

• Britain experienced significant population growth during this period.
• The increasing population put pressure on available land in villages, making urban areas more attractive for opportunities.
• Many of those displaced from villages migrated to towns and cities, leading to rapid urban growth in places like Manchester, Birmingham, and London.

Question 21

LITERATURE: content of the period

Answer 21

Reason and Logic
Harmony, Stability, Wisdom
Concern with Society as a Whole
Follow Traditions and Standards
Optimism about the Present Day
Deism: God as a clockmaker (no interference with human affairs)

Question 22

LITERATURE: themes and motifs

Answer 22

Rationalism
Scientific Reasoning
order
reason
harmony
Optimism
Social Reform (Satire)
Patriotism

Question 23

LITERATURE: genre/ style

Answer 23

Satire: using humour or making fun of humanity and society to get a point across in a relatable comprehendable way

Poetry: little of note

Nonfiction: letters, essays, diaries, biographies

Novels: Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe is often cited as the first novel in English.

Firsts: dictionaries, essays, novels

Question 24

Satire

Answer 24

using humour or making fun of humanity and society to get a point across in a relatable comprehendable way

The societal shifts, political dramas, and changing cultural landscapes provided fertile ground for writers to employ wit, irony, and exaggeration, not just to entertain but to provoke thought, challenge the status quo, and effect change.

Question 25

Satirists

Answer 25

Jonathan Swift: a modest proposal (attacked british policies in ireland) & gullivers travels (critiqued humanity)

John Dryden: Mac Flecknoe and Absalom and Achitophel (satirized politicians and figures of this time)

Alexander pope: the rape of the lock (mocked upper classes) and the dunciad (lampooned the literary world )

Question 26

Literature: Characteristics and themes

Answer 26

Mock heroic: adopting the style of epic poems to trivial subjects, highlighting their absurdity

Moral critique: Writers like Swift employed satire to challenge moral corruption, vanity, and the inadequacies of human institutions

political commentary: The tumultuous political climate provided ample fodder for satirical comment, with writers often using allegory and thinly veiled references to real figures.

Question 27

Literature: societal impact

Answer 27

public opinion: Satires, often published in widely-read formats like pamphlets or periodicals, influenced public opinion and could sway popular sentiment on political or social issues.

censorship and backlash: The power of satire didn’t go unnoticed. Some satirical works faced censorship, and authors risked legal action or personal retribution.

Question 28

novel emmergence

Answer 28

• The novel began to emerge as a dominant literary form, with writers like Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, and later Henry Fielding exploring the complexities of individual experience and societal norms.
• As the novel emerged as a dominant literary form, satirical elements were integrated into its fabric.
  Novels often critiqued societal norms, class structures, and individual vices.
  Writers like Daniel Defoe and Henry Fielding incorporated satirical elements in their works, blurring the lines between pure satire and narrative storytelling.

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Question 29

literature: legacy and influence

Answer 29

• The satirical works of this period laid the groundwork for later British satirists in the 19th and 20th centuries.
• The tradition of satirical commentary in various formats, from literature to political cartoons to modern-day television, owes much to the groundbreaking works of this era.

Question 30

lasting influence

Answer 30

• Establishment of the novel as a major literary form.
• Foundational works for satirical literature.
• Introduction of the idea of “the public” and the importance of public opinion.

Question 31

national expansion

Answer 31

• Colonialism and the American Revolution, among other historical events, deeply influenced British society, economics, and culture during the period from 1660 to 1798.
• They interplayed with other trends of the era, adding layers of complexity to an already transformative period in British history.

Question 32

reexamination of British identity

Answer 32

• The wealth from colonial enterprises often ended up concentrated in the hands of a few, exacerbating class tensions and inequalities in Britain.
• The expansion of the empire and the loss of the American colonies made many in Britain reconsider what it meant to be British.
• This introspection influenced art, literature, and political thought, posing moral and philosophical questions around the rights of individuals, the ethics of empire and slavery, and the nature of governance.

Question 33

moving to the 19th century

Answer 33

Trends reflect a society grappling with rapid change. As Britain moved towards industrialization and modernity, its culture and social fabric were continually being redefined, setting the stage for the transformative 19th century.