English - Milestone 1 Vocab (Non-fiction)

Question 1

Purpose

Answer 1

The reason the author writes the text (e.g., to inform, persuade, entertain, or reflect).

Question 2

Audience

Answer 2

The intended readers or viewers, influencing tone and style.

Question 3

Chronological

Answer 3

Events or points presented in time order.

Question 4

Cause and effect

Answer 4

Explaining why something happens and its consequences.

Question 5

Compare and contrast

Answer 5

Highlighting similarities and differences between ideas.

Question 6

Problem-solution

Answer 6

Presenting an issue and proposing resolutions.

Question 7

Cyclical structure

Answer 7

A structure where the ending mirrors or reflects the beginning.

Question 8

Juxtaposition

Answer 8

Placing contrasting ideas, events, or descriptions close together for effect.

Question 9

Formal language

Answer 9

Polished, professional tone with precise vocabulary.

Question 10

Informal language

Answer 10

Conversational tone, including colloquialisms and slang.

Question 11

Rhetorical questions

Answer 11

Questions posed to provoke thought rather than elicit an answer (e.g., “Who wouldn’t want success?”).

Question 12

Cliche

Answer 12

an over-used expression. (e.g., It was a dark and stormy night).

Question 13

Ethos

Answer 13

Establishing credibility or authority (e.g., citing expertise).

Question 14

Pathos

Answer 14

Appealing to emotions (e.g., a personal anecdote).

Question 15

Logos

Answer 15

Appealing to logic through facts and statistics.

Question 16

Chiasmus

Answer 16

A rhetorical figure where words or phrases are reversed for effect (e.g., “Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country”).

Question 17

Antithesis

Answer 17

Contrasting ideas placed in parallel structures (e.g., “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”).

Question 18

Jargon

Answer 18

Specialised language used, often defined by profession or group of shared interests.

Question 19

Hyperbole

Answer 19

Deliberate exaggeration for effect (e.g., “This product will change your life!”).

Question 20

Anecdote

Answer 20

A short personal story to illustrate a point.

Question 21

Direct address

Answer 21

Speaking directly to the audience (e.g., “You need to act now”).

Question 22

Imperative

Answer 22

An order or command for an action.

Question 23

Repetition

Answer 23

words or statements used more than once for emphasis

Question 24

Point of view

Answer 24

The author’s perspective or stance.

Question 25

Bias

Answer 25

The author's subjective views or preferences, often revealed through word choice.

Question 26

Euphemism

Answer 26

Mild or indirect phrasing to soften harsh realities (e.g., "passed away" instead of "died").

Question 27

Satire

Answer 27

Use of humour, irony, or ridicule to criticise or expose flaws in individuals or society.