English language (Language levels Frameworks) Flashcards
Concrete noun
Nouns that can be touched
e.g. table, desk, pen, dog, building
Abstract noun
feelings or state of being
e.g. love, pain, passion, charity
Proper noun
specific object, people or things and always need a capital letter
e.g. London, Lucy, Harry
Common noun
are general and do not need capital letters unless they are starting a sentence
e.g. dog, horse, table, chair, school
Collective noun
used to describe groups
e.g. army, swarm, flock, board,
Base adjective
are plain adjectives without any suffixes at the end
e.g. big, small, pretty, high
Comparative adjective
base adjective turns into comparative when the suffix ‘‘er’’ is added on the end
e.g. bigger, smaller, higher, prettier
Superlative adjective
'’est’’ on the end
e.g. biggest , smallest, prettiest, highest
Main verb
describes main action of the clause
e.g. eats, sleeps , walks
Auxiliary verb
An auxiliary verb is a verb which helps the main verb of the sentence.
E.g. do and be
Modal auxiliary verb
used to express possibility.
e.g. might and will
Copular verb
A copular verb links the subject to a noun or adjective that complements the subject.
e.g. is, appear, tastes, feels, become
Dynamic verbs
Dynamic verbs are actions that can start and end
e.g. shout, hit and build.
These verbs can either be material or verbal.
Material verbs
Material verbs are concerned with events.
e.g. drove, parked, melted
Verbal verbs
Verbal verbs are concerned with a communication.
e.g. sang, shouted, spoke
Stative verbs
Stative verbs describe actions/states which are quite constant.
e.g. think, believe and love.
These can be broken down into mental (or cognitive) or relational.
Mental stative verbs
Mental stative verbs describe an intrinsic process.
e.g. thought, loved, believe
Relational stative verbs
Show the relation between things or show a state of being.
e.g.
Ellie became an author.
Here, ‘became’ is a stative relational verb.
Isaac owns three cars.
Here, ‘owns’ is a stative relational verb.
The box contains my socks.
Here, ‘contains’ is a stative relational verb.
describe transitive verbs
When verbs have a direct object, we can describe them as being transitive.
describe intransitive verbs
When verbs do not have a direct object, we can describe them as being intransitive.
Intransitive verbs examples
The teacher smirked.
‘Smirked’ is not followed by an object.
So ‘smirked’ is intransitive.
Alex laughed manically.
‘Laughed’ is not followed by an object. So ‘laughed’ is intransitive.
Bertie wept.
‘Wept’ is not followed by an object. So ‘wept’ is intransitive.
Transitive verbs examples
Jake bought a new phone.
‘Bought’ is a transitive verb.
Sally ate all the cupcakes.
‘Ate’ is a transitive verb.
Stephen baked banana bread.
‘Baked’ is a transitive verb.
Active voice
When a subject is performing an action, the verb uses the active voice.
e.g.
Ryan played the character well.
Ryan is performing the action, and so the verb is in the active voice.
Christian loved his wife.
Christian is performing the action, and so the verb is in the active voice.
I want to sleep.
I am performing the action, and so the verb is in the active voice.
Passive voice
When the subject is being acted on (i.e. it is passive to the action), the verb uses the passive voice.
e.g.
The character was played well by Ryan.
The character is now the subject and is being impacted on, and so the verb is in the passive voice.
Christian’s wife was loved by Christian.
Christian’s wife is now the subject and is being impacted on, and so the verb is in the passive voice.
I was overcome by sleep.
I am the subject and am being impacted on, and so the verb is in the passive voice.
