English Language 3.1 + 3.2 Flashcards
1
Q
Syntactic Patterning
A
- Parallelism
- Antithesis
- Listing
2
Q
Parallelism
A
- Repeated/mirrored structures
- Builds a semantic thread
- Builds momentum
- Makes text more memorable/powerful
- Draw focus
- Emphasise similarities/differences between sequences
- Efficient packaging
- Can be reinforced by repetition
3
Q
Antithesis
A
- Deliberate, carefully packaged structures
- Provides strong contrast
4
Q
Listing
A
- Layering
- Builds a semantic thread
- Careful packaging
- Provides a greater impact/is more powerful
- Sequence
5
Q
Passive Voice
A
- Focus on action/grammatical subject
6
Q
Nominalisation
A
- Turns verbs into nouns
- Creates lexical and syntactic density
- More concise and compact
- More sophisticated and elevated
- Introduces abstractness as there is no need for a subject - removes responsibility
- More authoritative and objective
- Concept becomes focus
- Can now be counted/described/classified/qualified
7
Q
Information Flow
A
- Front Focus
- End Focus
- Clefting
8
Q
Clefting
A
- It Clefts = Dummy Subject + V + S + Rel Clause
eg. It was John who kicked the ball - What Clefts = What + Subject Noun Clause + V + NP (Complement)
eg. What I want is a chocolate bar. - Leads to increased focus
9
Q
End Focus
A
- Places material with higher communicative value at the end
- Moves grammatically complicated/heavily modified structures to the end
- Contributes to a more factual/authoritative tone, and reduces opportunity to challenge
10
Q
Existential Sentences
A
- There/it as dummy subjects
- Keep new information to the end → end focus
- More authoritative/definite/objective tone
eg. There are many spiders in Australia.
It is sunny today.
11
Q
Front Focus
A
- Highlights the beginning of the sentence and captures audience attention
- Initial Focus
- Places something other than the noun phrase at the start of the independent clause
- Front focus can occur on:
o Negative markers
o Adverbial phrases
o Adverbial clauses
o Past participles
o Comparatives
o Interrogatives
12
Q
Semantic Features
A
- Denotation
- Connotation
- Figurative language
13
Q
Cohesion
A
- Provides links within the text
- Ties together
- Provides reference back/forward
- Connects
- Condenses text to avoid unnecessary words/ repetition
- Acts as the glue within the text
14
Q
Features that Create Cohesion
A
- Phonological patterning – connects through similar sounds
- Conjunctions and adverbial/conjunctive phrases – connect ideas, tie together and show relationship between ideas
- Hyponymy – provides a classification/hierarchy that highlights the relationship between general and specific
- Collocation – builds expectation and links lexemes in a familiar way
- Subject specific lexis – draws connection within the text
- Antonymy – tie together through contrast to build meaning
- Synonymy – connects, reinforces, add details and ties together
- Ellipsis – removes unnecessary words → creates inference/ assumption
- Syntactic patterning:
o Parallelism – mirrored structures efficiently package information and build semantic thread
o Antithesis – links sentence segments through contrast
o Listing – links sentence segments to build a layered package - Repetition – reinforces ideas to create links/ties and to bind
- Substitution:
– Noun phrase for noun phrase (eg. the tables and chairs… the furniture)
– Pronoun reference:
o Anaphoric – refers backwards
o Cataphoric – refers forwards → creates intrigue/suspense - Deictics – links text to time, place setting and contextual factors
- Information flow:
o Clefting – connect/link relationship
o Front focus – link by focussing on action
o Passive voice – link subject and agent*
15
Q
Coherence
A
- Assists in the navigation of a text
- Provides a sense of consistency throughout the text
- Supports consistency of the domain
- Directs the reader
- Signposts
- Focuses
- Understanding
16
Q
Features that Create Coherence
A
- Formatting:
o Headings – briefly outline the proceeding content, and direct readers
o Subheadings – provides greater detail to direct readers
o Bullet points – structured list to clearly set out information
o Tables – provide clearer presentation that is easily located
o Columns – present related information side by side
o Bolding/italics/underlining – aids understanding and presentation - Logical order – sequencing of content, and can link to hyponymy
- Inference – removes unnecessary information
- Consistency:
o Consistency of tense – grounds the discourse within a timeframe
o Consistency of semantic field – ensures an understanding of the domain
o Consistency of person – assists understanding - Conventions (headings, subheadings, bylines, salutations, closure, bullet points, and contact details) – fulfil readers’ expectations
- Cohesion – provides links within the text
17
Q
Noun Clauses
A
- Type of dependant clause
- For example:
o What they saw was amazing
o I know that the oranges are juicy
o That is what I ordered
o I sold the book for what it was worth
o Who won the prize is still a mystery
18
Q
Gerunds
A
- A noun phrase made from a verb root + ing
- For example:
o Swimming every day keeps you fit
o Working with schools to help students…
19
Q
Interrogative Pronouns
A
- Who
- Whom
- Whose
- What
- Which
20
Q
Interrogative Adverbs
A
- How
- Why
- When
- Where
21
Q
Phonological Features
A
- Sound symbolism – harsher vs softer sounds
- Alliteration
- Assonance
- Consonance
- Onomatopoeia
- Rhythm and rhyme
- Accent
22
Q
Morphological Features
A
- Older/classical affixes
- Compounding
- Acronyms
- Initialism
23
Q
Repetition
A
- Reinforce
- Reiterate
- Strengthen
- Intensify
- Accentuate
- Highlight
- Underscore
24
Q
Pauses
A
- Manipulation of tempo
- Draw focus
- Allow message to resonate, linger and penetrate
25
Deictics
Links text to time, place, setting and contextual factors
26
Positive Face Needs
* Closeness
* Sense of belonging
* Engaging empathetically
* Accomodating
* Liked, validated, respected and part of in-group
* Fosters intimacy
* Builds raport
* Signals solitarity
* Creates politeness
* Valued
* Affirmed
* Admired
* → Closer tenor
27
Negative Face Needs
* Acknowleges want to be autonomous, free and independent
* Reinforces social distance, social hierarchy, status, authority and expertise
* Avoids imposing on others
* Respect
* Reverence
* Esteem
* → Distant tenor
28
Social Purposes
* Maintaining and challenging positive and negative face needs
* Reinforcing social distance and authority
* Establishing expertise
* Promoting social harmony, negotiating social taboos and building rapport
* Clarifying, manipulating or obfuscating
* Encouraging intimacy, solidarity and equality
* Promoting linguistic innovation
* Supporting in-group membership
29
Phonological Patterning
* Alliteration
* Assonance
* Consonance
* Onomatopoeia
* Rhyme
* Rhythm
30
Vocative
Name to call something/someone
31
3 Variables of Tenor
* Power
* Frequency of contact
* Affective involvement
32
Adjacency Pairs
Pairs of utterance that require turn-taking where the first utterance prompts a response
33
Antithesis
Juxtaposition of words and ideas within parallel phrases or clauses to create balance or contrast
34
Assonance
Repetition of the same/similar vowel sounds
35
Collocation
Two or more words that are connected as they frequently occur together
36
Colloquialism
Informal, non-Standard language with cultural overtones particular to a national variety
37
Idioms
Non-literal, often metaphors or similes, common, creative expressions, cultural associations
38
Features of Spoken Discourse
* Interrogative tags
* Discourse particles
* Openings and closings
* Overlapping speech
* Non-fluency features
* Adjacency pairs.
39
Strategies in Spoken Discourse
* Topic management
* Turn-taking (taking, holding and passing the floor)
* Minimal responses/back-channelling.
40
Diminutive Endings
* Friendly/laid back attitude
* Australian identity
* Reflect playful nature
* Reflect humour, mateship, egalitarianism, and anti-intellectualism
41
Connected Speech Processes
* Elision
* Vowel reduction
* Insertion
* Flapping
* Assimilation
* Substitution
42
Elipsis
Grammatical elements excluded
43
Minimal Responses
* Support
* Encourage
* Demonstrate understanding and engagement
44
Phatic Phrase
Used to build rapport or greet
For example - 'G'day mate' or 'You're welcome'
45
Prosodic Features
* Stress
* Pitch
* Intonation
* Volume
* Tempo
46
Non Fluency Features
* Voiced hesitations
* Pauses
* Repetitions
* Repairs
* False starts
47
Semantic Patterning
* Metaphor
* Similes
* Puns
* Figurative language
* Irony
* Oxymoron
* Personification
* Animation
* Lexical ambiguity
48
Emphasis
* Linger
* Resonate
* Underscore
* Focus
* Highlight
* Draw attention
* Signal/signify
* Reinforce
* Accentuate
49
Closings
* Ritualistic
* Expected
50
Formal features...
* maintain a degree of social distance
* reflect the planned, drafted and crafted nature of the discourse
51
Appositives
* Efficient packaging
* Careful construction
52
Stylistic Features
* Phonological patterning
* Syntactic patterning
* Morphological patterning
* Lexical choice
* Semantic patterning
53
Vocal Effects
* Coughs
* Laughter
* Breath
54
Word Formation Processes
* Blends
* Acronyms
* Initialisms
* Shortenings
* Compounding
* Contractions
* Collocations
* Neologisms
* Borrowing
* Commonisation (proper nouns become common nouns)
* Archaism
55
Sentence Types
* Declarative
* Interrogative
* Imperative
* Exclamative
56
Sentence Structures
* Simple
* Compound
* Complex
* Compound-complex
57
Morphological Patterning
* Conversion of word class
* Creative word formation
58
Types of Morpheme
* Derivational morpheme: changes meaning or word class
* Inflectional morpheme: changes grammar
59
Deictics
* Grounds
* Anchors
60
Slang
* Colloquial and informal language
* Often dysphemistic
* Playful, creative, innovative and colourful
* Reflects tone, social distance and identity
* Short lived, ephemeral and transitory
* Device for dissimilation – ‘secret’ language generating covert prestige, building rapport and serving solidarity
* Often cultural and idiomatic
* Contributes to group membership
