English Language 3.1 + 3.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Syntactic Patterning

A
  • Parallelism
  • Antithesis
  • Listing
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2
Q

Parallelism

A
  • Repeated/mirrored structures
  • Builds a semantic thread
  • Builds momentum
  • Makes text more memorable/powerful
  • Draw focus
  • Emphasise similarities/differences between sequences
  • Efficient packaging
  • Can be reinforced by repetition
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3
Q

Antithesis

A
  • Deliberate, carefully packaged structures
  • Provides strong contrast
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4
Q

Listing

A
  • Layering
  • Builds a semantic thread
  • Careful packaging
  • Provides a greater impact/is more powerful
  • Sequence
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5
Q

Passive Voice

A
  • Focus on action/grammatical subject
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6
Q

Nominalisation

A
  • Turns verbs into nouns
  • Creates lexical and syntactic density
  • More concise and compact
  • More sophisticated and elevated
  • Introduces abstractness as there is no need for a subject - removes responsibility
  • More authoritative and objective
  • Concept becomes focus
  • Can now be counted/described/classified/qualified
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7
Q

Information Flow

A
  • Front Focus
  • End Focus
  • Clefting
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8
Q

Clefting

A
  • It Clefts = Dummy Subject + V + S + Rel Clause
    eg. It was John who kicked the ball
  • What Clefts = What + Subject Noun Clause + V + NP (Complement)
    eg. What I want is a chocolate bar.
  • Leads to increased focus
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9
Q

End Focus

A
  • Places material with higher communicative value at the end
  • Moves grammatically complicated/heavily modified structures to the end
  • Contributes to a more factual/authoritative tone, and reduces opportunity to challenge
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10
Q

Existential Sentences

A
  • There/it as dummy subjects
  • Keep new information to the end → end focus
  • More authoritative/definite/objective tone

eg. There are many spiders in Australia.
It is sunny today.

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11
Q

Front Focus

A
  • Highlights the beginning of the sentence and captures audience attention
  • Initial Focus
  • Places something other than the noun phrase at the start of the independent clause
  • Front focus can occur on:
    o Negative markers
    o Adverbial phrases
    o Adverbial clauses
    o Past participles
    o Comparatives
    o Interrogatives
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12
Q

Semantic Features

A
  • Denotation
  • Connotation
  • Figurative language
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13
Q

Cohesion

A
  • Provides links within the text
  • Ties together
  • Provides reference back/forward
  • Connects
  • Condenses text to avoid unnecessary words/ repetition
  • Acts as the glue within the text
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14
Q

Features that Create Cohesion

A
  • Phonological patterning – connects through similar sounds
  • Conjunctions and adverbial/conjunctive phrases – connect ideas, tie together and show relationship between ideas
  • Hyponymy – provides a classification/hierarchy that highlights the relationship between general and specific
  • Collocation – builds expectation and links lexemes in a familiar way
  • Subject specific lexis – draws connection within the text
  • Antonymy – tie together through contrast to build meaning
  • Synonymy – connects, reinforces, add details and ties together
  • Ellipsis – removes unnecessary words → creates inference/ assumption
  • Syntactic patterning:
    o Parallelism – mirrored structures efficiently package information and build semantic thread
    o Antithesis – links sentence segments through contrast
    o Listing – links sentence segments to build a layered package
  • Repetition – reinforces ideas to create links/ties and to bind
  • Substitution:
    – Noun phrase for noun phrase (eg. the tables and chairs… the furniture)
    – Pronoun reference:
    o Anaphoric – refers backwards
    o Cataphoric – refers forwards → creates intrigue/suspense
  • Deictics – links text to time, place setting and contextual factors
  • Information flow:
    o Clefting – connect/link relationship
    o Front focus – link by focussing on action
    o Passive voice – link subject and agent*
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15
Q

Coherence

A
  • Assists in the navigation of a text
  • Provides a sense of consistency throughout the text
  • Supports consistency of the domain
  • Directs the reader
  • Signposts
  • Focuses
  • Understanding
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16
Q

Features that Create Coherence

A
  • Formatting:
    o Headings – briefly outline the proceeding content, and direct readers
    o Subheadings – provides greater detail to direct readers
    o Bullet points – structured list to clearly set out information
    o Tables – provide clearer presentation that is easily located
    o Columns – present related information side by side
    o Bolding/italics/underlining – aids understanding and presentation
  • Logical order – sequencing of content, and can link to hyponymy
  • Inference – removes unnecessary information
  • Consistency:
    o Consistency of tense – grounds the discourse within a timeframe
    o Consistency of semantic field – ensures an understanding of the domain
    o Consistency of person – assists understanding
  • Conventions (headings, subheadings, bylines, salutations, closure, bullet points, and contact details) – fulfil readers’ expectations
  • Cohesion – provides links within the text
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17
Q

Noun Clauses

A
  • Type of dependant clause
  • For example:
    o What they saw was amazing
    o I know that the oranges are juicy
    o That is what I ordered
    o I sold the book for what it was worth
    o Who won the prize is still a mystery
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18
Q

Gerunds

A
  • A noun phrase made from a verb root + ing
  • For example:
    o Swimming every day keeps you fit
    o Working with schools to help students…
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19
Q

Interrogative Pronouns

A
  • Who
  • Whom
  • Whose
  • What
  • Which
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20
Q

Interrogative Adverbs

A
  • How
  • Why
  • When
  • Where
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21
Q

Phonological Features

A
  • Sound symbolism – harsher vs softer sounds
  • Alliteration
  • Assonance
  • Consonance
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Rhythm and rhyme
  • Accent
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22
Q

Morphological Features

A
  • Older/classical affixes
  • Compounding
  • Acronyms
  • Initialism
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23
Q

Repetition

A
  • Reinforce
  • Reiterate
  • Strengthen
  • Intensify
  • Accentuate
  • Highlight
  • Underscore
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24
Q

Pauses

A
  • Manipulation of tempo
  • Draw focus
  • Allow message to resonate, linger and penetrate
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25
Q

Deictics

A

Links text to time, place, setting and contextual factors

26
Q

Positive Face Needs

A
  • Closeness
  • Sense of belonging
  • Engaging empathetically
  • Accomodating
  • Liked, validated, respected and part of in-group
  • Fosters intimacy
  • Builds raport
  • Signals solitarity
  • Creates politeness
  • Valued
  • Affirmed
  • Admired
  • → Closer tenor
27
Q

Negative Face Needs

A
  • Acknowleges want to be autonomous, free and independent
  • Reinforces social distance, social hierarchy, status, authority and expertise
  • Avoids imposing on others
  • Respect
  • Reverence
  • Esteem
  • → Distant tenor
28
Q

Social Purposes

A
  • Maintaining and challenging positive and negative face needs
  • Reinforcing social distance and authority
  • Establishing expertise
  • Promoting social harmony, negotiating social taboos and building rapport
  • Clarifying, manipulating or obfuscating
  • Encouraging intimacy, solidarity and equality
  • Promoting linguistic innovation
  • Supporting in-group membership
29
Q

Phonological Patterning

A
  • Alliteration
  • Assonance
  • Consonance
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Rhyme
  • Rhythm
30
Q

Vocative

A

Name to call something/someone

31
Q

3 Variables of Tenor

A
  • Power
  • Frequency of contact
  • Affective involvement
32
Q

Adjacency Pairs

A

Pairs of utterance that require turn-taking where the first utterance prompts a response

33
Q

Antithesis

A

Juxtaposition of words and ideas within parallel phrases or clauses to create balance or contrast

34
Q

Assonance

A

Repetition of the same/similar vowel sounds

35
Q

Collocation

A

Two or more words that are connected as they frequently occur together

36
Q

Colloquialism

A

Informal, non-Standard language with cultural overtones particular to a national variety

37
Q

Idioms

A

Non-literal, often metaphors or similes, common, creative expressions, cultural associations

38
Q

Features of Spoken Discourse

A
  • Interrogative tags
  • Discourse particles
  • Openings and closings
  • Overlapping speech
  • Non-fluency features
  • Adjacency pairs.
39
Q

Strategies in Spoken Discourse

A
  • Topic management
  • Turn-taking (taking, holding and passing the floor)
  • Minimal responses/back-channelling.
40
Q

Diminutive Endings

A
  • Friendly/laid back attitude
  • Australian identity
  • Reflect playful nature
  • Reflect humour, mateship, egalitarianism, and anti-intellectualism
41
Q

Connected Speech Processes

A
  • Elision
  • Vowel reduction
  • Insertion
  • Flapping
  • Assimilation
  • Substitution
42
Q

Elipsis

A

Grammatical elements excluded

43
Q

Minimal Responses

A
  • Support
  • Encourage
  • Demonstrate understanding and engagement
44
Q

Phatic Phrase

A

Used to build rapport or greet
For example - ‘G’day mate’ or ‘You’re welcome’

45
Q

Prosodic Features

A
  • Stress
  • Pitch
  • Intonation
  • Volume
  • Tempo
46
Q

Non Fluency Features

A
  • Voiced hesitations
  • Pauses
  • Repetitions
  • Repairs
  • False starts
47
Q

Semantic Patterning

A
  • Metaphor
  • Similes
  • Puns
  • Figurative language
  • Irony
  • Oxymoron
  • Personification
  • Animation
  • Lexical ambiguity
48
Q

Emphasis

A
  • Linger
  • Resonate
  • Underscore
  • Focus
  • Highlight
  • Draw attention
  • Signal/signify
  • Reinforce
  • Accentuate
49
Q

Closings

A
  • Ritualistic
  • Expected
50
Q

Formal features…

A
  • maintain a degree of social distance
  • reflect the planned, drafted and crafted nature of the discourse
51
Q

Appositives

A
  • Efficient packaging
  • Careful construction
52
Q

Stylistic Features

A
  • Phonological patterning
  • Syntactic patterning
  • Morphological patterning
  • Lexical choice
  • Semantic patterning
53
Q

Vocal Effects

A
  • Coughs
  • Laughter
  • Breath
54
Q

Word Formation Processes

A
  • Blends
  • Acronyms
  • Initialisms
  • Shortenings
  • Compounding
  • Contractions
  • Collocations
  • Neologisms
  • Borrowing
  • Commonisation (proper nouns become common nouns)
  • Archaism
55
Q

Sentence Types

A
  • Declarative
  • Interrogative
  • Imperative
  • Exclamative
56
Q

Sentence Structures

A
  • Simple
  • Compound
  • Complex
  • Compound-complex
57
Q

Morphological Patterning

A
  • Conversion of word class
  • Creative word formation
58
Q

Types of Morpheme

A
  • Derivational morpheme: changes meaning or word class
  • Inflectional morpheme: changes grammar
59
Q

Deictics

A
  • Grounds
  • Anchors
60
Q

Slang

A
  • Colloquial and informal language
  • Often dysphemistic
  • Playful, creative, innovative and colourful
  • Reflects tone, social distance and identity
  • Short lived, ephemeral and transitory
  • Device for dissimilation – ‘secret’ language generating covert prestige, building rapport and serving solidarity
  • Often cultural and idiomatic
  • Contributes to group membership