English Language 3.1 + 3.2 Flashcards
1
Q
Syntactic Patterning
A
- Parallelism
- Antithesis
- Listing
2
Q
Parallelism
A
- Repeated/mirrored structures
- Builds a semantic thread
- Builds momentum
- Makes text more memorable/powerful
- Draw focus
- Emphasise similarities/differences between sequences
- Efficient packaging
- Can be reinforced by repetition
3
Q
Antithesis
A
- Deliberate, carefully packaged structures
- Provides strong contrast
4
Q
Listing
A
- Layering
- Builds a semantic thread
- Careful packaging
- Provides a greater impact/is more powerful
- Sequence
5
Q
Passive Voice
A
- Focus on action/grammatical subject
6
Q
Nominalisation
A
- Turns verbs into nouns
- Creates lexical and syntactic density
- More concise and compact
- More sophisticated and elevated
- Introduces abstractness as there is no need for a subject - removes responsibility
- More authoritative and objective
- Concept becomes focus
- Can now be counted/described/classified/qualified
7
Q
Information Flow
A
- Front Focus
- End Focus
- Clefting
8
Q
Clefting
A
- It Clefts = Dummy Subject + V + S + Rel Clause
eg. It was John who kicked the ball - What Clefts = What + Subject Noun Clause + V + NP (Complement)
eg. What I want is a chocolate bar. - Leads to increased focus
9
Q
End Focus
A
- Places material with higher communicative value at the end
- Moves grammatically complicated/heavily modified structures to the end
- Contributes to a more factual/authoritative tone, and reduces opportunity to challenge
10
Q
Existential Sentences
A
- There/it as dummy subjects
- Keep new information to the end → end focus
- More authoritative/definite/objective tone
eg. There are many spiders in Australia.
It is sunny today.
11
Q
Front Focus
A
- Highlights the beginning of the sentence and captures audience attention
- Initial Focus
- Places something other than the noun phrase at the start of the independent clause
- Front focus can occur on:
o Negative markers
o Adverbial phrases
o Adverbial clauses
o Past participles
o Comparatives
o Interrogatives
12
Q
Semantic Features
A
- Denotation
- Connotation
- Figurative language
13
Q
Cohesion
A
- Provides links within the text
- Ties together
- Provides reference back/forward
- Connects
- Condenses text to avoid unnecessary words/ repetition
- Acts as the glue within the text
14
Q
Features that Create Cohesion
A
- Phonological patterning – connects through similar sounds
- Conjunctions and adverbial/conjunctive phrases – connect ideas, tie together and show relationship between ideas
- Hyponymy – provides a classification/hierarchy that highlights the relationship between general and specific
- Collocation – builds expectation and links lexemes in a familiar way
- Subject specific lexis – draws connection within the text
- Antonymy – tie together through contrast to build meaning
- Synonymy – connects, reinforces, add details and ties together
- Ellipsis – removes unnecessary words → creates inference/ assumption
- Syntactic patterning:
o Parallelism – mirrored structures efficiently package information and build semantic thread
o Antithesis – links sentence segments through contrast
o Listing – links sentence segments to build a layered package - Repetition – reinforces ideas to create links/ties and to bind
- Substitution:
– Noun phrase for noun phrase (eg. the tables and chairs… the furniture)
– Pronoun reference:
o Anaphoric – refers backwards
o Cataphoric – refers forwards → creates intrigue/suspense - Deictics – links text to time, place setting and contextual factors
- Information flow:
o Clefting – connect/link relationship
o Front focus – link by focussing on action
o Passive voice – link subject and agent*
15
Q
Coherence
A
- Assists in the navigation of a text
- Provides a sense of consistency throughout the text
- Supports consistency of the domain
- Directs the reader
- Signposts
- Focuses
- Understanding
16
Q
Features that Create Coherence
A
- Formatting:
o Headings – briefly outline the proceeding content, and direct readers
o Subheadings – provides greater detail to direct readers
o Bullet points – structured list to clearly set out information
o Tables – provide clearer presentation that is easily located
o Columns – present related information side by side
o Bolding/italics/underlining – aids understanding and presentation - Logical order – sequencing of content, and can link to hyponymy
- Inference – removes unnecessary information
- Consistency:
o Consistency of tense – grounds the discourse within a timeframe
o Consistency of semantic field – ensures an understanding of the domain
o Consistency of person – assists understanding - Conventions (headings, subheadings, bylines, salutations, closure, bullet points, and contact details) – fulfil readers’ expectations
- Cohesion – provides links within the text
17
Q
Noun Clauses
A
- Type of dependant clause
- For example:
o What they saw was amazing
o I know that the oranges are juicy
o That is what I ordered
o I sold the book for what it was worth
o Who won the prize is still a mystery
18
Q
Gerunds
A
- A noun phrase made from a verb root + ing
- For example:
o Swimming every day keeps you fit
o Working with schools to help students…
19
Q
Interrogative Pronouns
A
- Who
- Whom
- Whose
- What
- Which
20
Q
Interrogative Adverbs
A
- How
- Why
- When
- Where
21
Q
Phonological Features
A
- Sound symbolism – harsher vs softer sounds
- Alliteration
- Assonance
- Consonance
- Onomatopoeia
- Rhythm and rhyme
- Accent
22
Q
Morphological Features
A
- Older/classical affixes
- Compounding
- Acronyms
- Initialism
23
Q
Repetition
A
- Reinforce
- Reiterate
- Strengthen
- Intensify
- Accentuate
- Highlight
- Underscore
24
Q
Pauses
A
- Manipulation of tempo
- Draw focus
- Allow message to resonate, linger and penetrate
25
Q
Deictics
A
Links text to time, place, setting and contextual factors
26
Q
Positive Face Needs
A
- Closeness
- Sense of belonging
- Engaging empathetically
- Accomodating
- Liked, validated, respected and part of in-group
- Fosters intimacy
- Builds raport
- Signals solitarity
- Creates politeness
- Valued
- Affirmed
- Admired
- → Closer tenor
27
Q
Negative Face Needs
A
- Acknowleges want to be autonomous, free and independent
- Reinforces social distance, social hierarchy, status, authority and expertise
- Avoids imposing on others
- Respect
- Reverence
- Esteem
- → Distant tenor
28
Q
Social Purposes
A
- Maintaining and challenging positive and negative face needs
- Reinforcing social distance and authority
- Establishing expertise
- Promoting social harmony, negotiating social taboos and building rapport
- Clarifying, manipulating or obfuscating
- Encouraging intimacy, solidarity and equality
- Promoting linguistic innovation
- Supporting in-group membership
29
Q
Phonological Patterning
A
- Alliteration
- Assonance
- Consonance
- Onomatopoeia
- Rhyme
- Rhythm
30
Q
Vocative
A
Name to call something/someone
31
Q
3 Variables of Tenor
A
- Power
- Frequency of contact
- Affective involvement
32
Q
Adjacency Pairs
A
Pairs of utterance that require turn-taking where the first utterance prompts a response
33
Q
Antithesis
A
Juxtaposition of words and ideas within parallel phrases or clauses to create balance or contrast
34
Q
Assonance
A
Repetition of the same/similar vowel sounds
35
Q
Collocation
A
Two or more words that are connected as they frequently occur together
36
Q
Colloquialism
A
Informal, non-Standard language with cultural overtones particular to a national variety
37
Q
Idioms
A
Non-literal, often metaphors or similes, common, creative expressions, cultural associations
38
Q
Features of Spoken Discourse
A
- Interrogative tags
- Discourse particles
- Openings and closings
- Overlapping speech
- Non-fluency features
- Adjacency pairs.
39
Q
Strategies in Spoken Discourse
A
- Topic management
- Turn-taking (taking, holding and passing the floor)
- Minimal responses/back-channelling.
40
Q
Diminutive Endings
A
- Friendly/laid back attitude
- Australian identity
- Reflect playful nature
- Reflect humour, mateship, egalitarianism, and anti-intellectualism
41
Q
Connected Speech Processes
A
- Elision
- Vowel reduction
- Insertion
- Flapping
- Assimilation
- Substitution
42
Q
Elipsis
A
Grammatical elements excluded
43
Q
Minimal Responses
A
- Support
- Encourage
- Demonstrate understanding and engagement
44
Q
Phatic Phrase
A
Used to build rapport or greet
For example - ‘G’day mate’ or ‘You’re welcome’
45
Q
Prosodic Features
A
- Stress
- Pitch
- Intonation
- Volume
- Tempo
46
Q
Non Fluency Features
A
- Voiced hesitations
- Pauses
- Repetitions
- Repairs
- False starts
47
Q
Semantic Patterning
A
- Metaphor
- Similes
- Puns
- Figurative language
- Irony
- Oxymoron
- Personification
- Animation
- Lexical ambiguity
48
Q
Emphasis
A
- Linger
- Resonate
- Underscore
- Focus
- Highlight
- Draw attention
- Signal/signify
- Reinforce
- Accentuate
49
Q
Closings
A
- Ritualistic
- Expected
50
Q
Formal features…
A
- maintain a degree of social distance
- reflect the planned, drafted and crafted nature of the discourse
51
Q
Appositives
A
- Efficient packaging
- Careful construction
52
Q
Stylistic Features
A
- Phonological patterning
- Syntactic patterning
- Morphological patterning
- Lexical choice
- Semantic patterning
53
Q
Vocal Effects
A
- Coughs
- Laughter
- Breath
54
Q
Word Formation Processes
A
- Blends
- Acronyms
- Initialisms
- Shortenings
- Compounding
- Contractions
- Collocations
- Neologisms
- Borrowing
- Commonisation (proper nouns become common nouns)
- Archaism
55
Q
Sentence Types
A
- Declarative
- Interrogative
- Imperative
- Exclamative
56
Q
Sentence Structures
A
- Simple
- Compound
- Complex
- Compound-complex
57
Q
Morphological Patterning
A
- Conversion of word class
- Creative word formation
58
Q
Types of Morpheme
A
- Derivational morpheme: changes meaning or word class
- Inflectional morpheme: changes grammar
59
Q
Deictics
A
- Grounds
- Anchors
60
Q
Slang
A
- Colloquial and informal language
- Often dysphemistic
- Playful, creative, innovative and colourful
- Reflects tone, social distance and identity
- Short lived, ephemeral and transitory
- Device for dissimilation – ‘secret’ language generating covert prestige, building rapport and serving solidarity
- Often cultural and idiomatic
- Contributes to group membership
