English in the World

Question 1

Lingua Franca

Answer 1

common language used by different groups whose native languages are different

Question 2

Global Language

Answer 2

language spoken across different countries who use it as their first language, teach it as their foreign language of choice in schools, etc.

Question 3

Mutual Intelligibility

Answer 3

people being able to understand one another despite having different first languages.

Question 4

Language Contact

Answer 4

changes that happen when speakers of different languages interact with one another, leading to a transfer of linguistic features.

Question 5

Variety

Answer 5

form of language in a country (standard/non-standard form) ex. Singapore Standard English (SSE)

Question 6

Standard English

Answer 6

form of English used in formal and public contexts in an English-speaking country

Question 7

Non-Standard English

Answer 7

features of language that does not conform of the standard language.

Question 8

Dialect

Answer 8

a regional or social variety of a language; dealing with the choice of words and structures.

Question 9

Accent

Answer 9

the speech-sounds associated with a particular area.

Question 10

Colloquial

Answer 10

forms of language found in casual/informal everyday speech

Question 11

Vernacular

Answer 11

the dialect spoken by the ordinary local people of a region

Question 12

Cultural Appropriation

Answer 12

process in which members in the dominant culture adopts elements of a minority culture.

Question 13

Linguistic Imperialism

Answer 13

imposition of a dominant language to follow on people with a different language. ex: France colonizing Haiti to force the French language among their population.

Question 14

Borrowing

Answer 14

process during language contact by which a word from one language is used in another language.

Question 15

Loanword

Answer 15

The word that is borrowed.

Question 16

Language Shift

Answer 16

when the individual process of language attrition begins to involve large numbers of native speakers.

Question 17

Language Attrition

Answer 17

when speakers of a native language begin to learn English and slowly lose their original language as English begins to dominate more of their everyday lives.

Question 18

Loss of Indigenous Culture

Answer 18

speakers of a language consume books, films, productions of other popular language(s) and spend less time and money on productions from their own culture.

Question 19

Language of Death

Answer 19

takes place when the last native speaker of that language dies (extinction)

Question 20

Pidgin

Answer 20

a made-up language with vocabulary from one language and grammatical structures from the other. no native speakers, only for communication purposes

Question 21

Creole

Answer 21

when a pidgin lasts long enough to develop some native speakers.

Question 22

Superstrate Language

Answer 22

the higher-prestige language that usually provides the vocabulary for the creole (lexifier language)

Question 23

Substrate Language

Answer 23

the lower-prestige language that usually provides the syntax portion of the language.

Question 24

Three Circles Theory

Answer 24

Braj Kachru’s model to illustrate the global spread of English; three circles inside which the different speakers can be classified.

Question 25

Outer Circle

Answer 25

where English is the secondary language for many and has current status as an official language. (Ghana, Bangladesh, etc)

Question 26

Inner Circle

Answer 26

where English is the first language for many. this circle illustrates a spread from the UK to countries where native English speakers settled down in large numbers (US, Canada, etc)

Question 27

Expanding Circle

Answer 27

where English is a foreign language (Germany, Japan, etc)

Question 28

Code-switching

Answer 28

using language register that is lower on the triangle in a more formal situation.

intimate>casual>consultative>formal>frozen

Question 29

Overt Prestige

Answer 29

the prestige acquired in a community by using the standard or formal language variety associated with power, status, and solidarity.

Question 30

Covert Prestige

Answer 30

prestige acquired in a community by using non-standard language variety, regarding to be of high linguistic prestige by members of a community.

Question 31

African-American Vernacular English

Question 32

Codification

Answer 32

designing a writing system which classifies language as an official status.

Question 33

Descriptivism

Answer 33

belief that usage is what matters in language; we should observe how language is used.

Question 34

Prescriptivism

Answer 34

belief that language is subject to rules and should not change.

Question 35

Exnonormative Stabilization

Answer 35

colonizers enforcing the way they want the language to be spoken.

Question 36

Endonormative Stabilization

Answer 36

language takes on the ‘norms’ of the local area or country. no enforcement from external parties.