English Changing Breaking Up Into Diff Englishes Flashcards
Agree that the ENGLISH Language is changing and breaking up into many different Englishes- Schneider
2007 Dynamic Model. Development a dynamic process. Suggests that each global version of ENGLISH will eventually reach endonormative stabilisation where it starts to develop its own standards. This suggests that the version of Eng will change from the native Eng and form a new version with its own standards. Suggests eng breaking into many diff Englishes because suggests each post colonial version of ENGLISH will eventually form varieties within itself, once it reaches the differentiation stage.
Schneider- 1. Foundation
ENGLISH is brought to a new territory, leading to an emerging bilingualism. Colonial expansion and trade resulted in the initial spread of ENGLISH worldwide. In the early stages, bilingualism is slow to spread, with some lexical borrowings to aid simple communication
Schneider- exonormative stabilisation 2
An ‘elite’ bilingualism spreads, led by the politically dominant country. The political dominant country determines linguistic behaviour and ENGLISH is established as the language of law, administration and education
Schneider- nativisation
- Nativisation. Bilingual speakers forge a new variety of ENGLISH as ties with settlers’s country of origin weaken. As settlers establish themselves in their new environment, inter-ethnic contact increases and a new variety of ENGLISH develops. Conservative speakers might resent such innovation, but other speakers begin to adopt some local forms.
Schneider Endonormative stabilisation
4 After independence and inspired by the need for ‘nation-building’, a new linguistic norm is established and codified. The new linguistic and local norms are developed and accepted in society. These forms are reflected in literary representations, illustrating the prestige associated with them.
Schneider differentiation
- This may follow, with internal social group identities gaining importance and thus reflected in the growth of dialectal difference. Group specific (ethnic, regional, social) varieties emerge leading to internal diversity
the spread of ENGLISH as a global language disadvantages other languages, causing them to lose prestige or die out
1992- Robert Philipson
The main body of essay
Some examples of diversity in ENGLISH like syntax and Elle is. The standardisation process and ENGLISH as a lingua francs, role of tech, the importance of inner circle varieties of Eng
Beneke
The number of native speakers is declining while the number of non-native speakers is increasing . 80%??
Believes that non-native speakers are the future of ENGLISH.
Paul Bruthiaux
However point for Schneider paragraph
With the intro of the internet and other social media platforms, we could be said to be moving towards a common culture as it is easy to connect to anyone across the globe. This could suggest ENGLISH will become more standardised in the future
Disagree that Eng breaking up into many varieties- Crystal
Supports the idea that Eng will eventually be standardised. He proposes the concept of uniformity and the idea that we are moving towards a World Standard ENGLISH
Who supports Crystal?
Jean Paul Nerrière . Suggests that ENGLISH will have to be simplified for non-native speakers to produce a type of ENGLISH called Globish, but the native speakers will still make the rules. This could imply that the new varieties of language will still be correct ENGLISH, just simplified, but we are still moving towards standardisation.
Linguist challenging Crystal para
David Graddol. Suggests that the power of native speakers in devising a standard ruling of grammar will decrease and their numbers decline. Suzette Haden Elgin would also agree because she suggests that future Englishes are likely to be less strict on grammar. Graddol argues that the new global form of ENGLISH is already becoming a loose grouping of ENGLISH Lingua francs.
In support that Eng is breaking into many diff- Kachru Three Circles
He suggests that there are different types of ENGLISH including L1 and L2. His concept of the outer circle perhaps shows that people are creating their own norms and moving away from the standard native ENGLISH, including countries like Nigeria.
