English Around the World (Schneider 2011. Chpt. 1+2)

Question 1

Englishes

Answer 1

term used to refer to localised varieties of the English language

(Eng functions as second lang in many countries - most widely studied FL)
- gateway for better jobs and incomes

Question 2

Domains of language use

Answer 2

LANG perform DIFF FUNCTIONS in DIFF DOMAINS

STANDARD: formal/public/intellectual

VERNACULAR: Private/intimate/community

Question 3

ENGLISH, LOCALISED

Answer 3

Eng has become LOCALISED and INDIGENISED in diff countries

Africa + Asia: indig. kids now grow up speaking (sometimes only) english

Question 4

When/how does english get nativised/indigenised?

Answer 4

• FREQ. former colonies of BRIT empire
• product of recent past, not colonial heritage
• colonial figures gone, newly indep. countries forget colonial lang?
  
  • NO, EMBRACED, APPROPRIATED, TRANSFORMED “our own”

Question 5

Language Variation

Answer 5

• taught at school “Correct + good” eng, “wrong, deviant” eng.
  THIS MINDSET = ERRONEOUS. all lang fulfil crucial comms needs
  VEHICLES TO EXPRESS IDENTITY

Question 6

Language VARIETIES or DIALECTS

Answer 6

assoc. w region = REGIONAL DIALECTS
assoc. w specific social group = SOCIAL DIALECTS

“Accent” refers to pronunciation and relates to the notion of “dialect”.

Question 7

Language across REGISTERS

Answer 7

(e.g., letter writing, texting, giving a speech).

Question 8

Levels of Language Variation

Answer 8

PLMSP

• Phonetics: Description of how air stream coming from the lungs is modulated and given its meaning shape by the lips, teeth, tongue, nose, etc.
• Lexical variation: Word choice, including idioms.
  E.g., leavers (WA) vs schoolies (rest of Australia)
• Morphology: The study of word structure.
  E.g., trickier vs more trickier
• Syntax or grammar: The way we combine words to form constructions and sentences.
  E.g.,Have you got the books?
  Do you have the books?
• Discourse/pragmatics: Study of language in its context of use.
  E.g., She was late and I was like, ‘where were you?’

Question 9

KACHRU, 1988

Answer 9

• INNER CIRCLE English as a Native Language (ENL): Language spoken and handed down as mother tongue of the majority of the population (e.g., UK, US, Australia, New Zealand)
• OUTER CIRCLE English as a Second Language (ESL): English rooted for historical reasons and used by educated speakers on a daily basis in professional and educational contexts. (e.g., India, Malaysia, Nigeria, Uganda)
• EXPANDING CIRCLE English as a Foreign Language (EFL): English widely taught in the education system and people strive to acquire it for international use but it doesn’t have an internal function (perhaps only in advertisement) (e.g., Argentina)

Question 10

World Englishes

Answer 10

an encompassing term referring to varieties of English such as:

• British English
• American English
• Australian English
• Nigerian English
• Malaysian English
• Singaporean English

Question 11

Postcolonial Englishes

Answer 11

term used by EDGAR SCHNEIDER
-refer to varieties of English with a shared origin in (mostly) British colonisation activities.
EMPHASIS = historical origins of the different Englishes and the processes resulting from this development.

“New Englishes” such as American and Australian English and English-related creoles.

Question 12

Creole

Answer 12

new language emerging from contact between people of different linguistic backgrounds

Question 13

Schneider (2007): Dynamic Model

Answer 13

5 PHASES for POSTCOLONIAL ENGLISHES:

1. Foundation
2. Exonormative stabilisation
3. Nativisation
4. Endonormative stabilisation
5. Differentiation