English Flashcards

Question

adjective | achieving the opposite result to the one that you want

Answer 1

Word family noun produce producer product production reproduction productivity adjective productive ≠ unproductive counterproductive reproductive reproducible verb produce reproduce adverb productively From English Dictionary - LDOCE coun‧ter‧pro‧duc‧tive /ˌkaʊntəprəˈdʌktɪv◂ $ -tər-/ ●○○ adjective achieving the opposite result to the one that you want Sending young offenders to prison can be counterproductive. Examples from the Corpus counterproductive • Putting very young offenders in prison can be counterproductive. • Being too available can be counterproductive. • Is it not true that giving 17-year-olds fines does not work and sending them to prison is counterproductive? • Thus replication begets replication, until the costs of these counterproductive activities finally bring the organization to a long-delayed breaking point. • This is a false and counterproductive approach; it is to true open-mindedness what glib moral relativism is to genuine tolerance. • Constant correction by a teacher is often counterproductive, as the student may become afraid to speak at all. • Counterpoints may therefore be counterproductive, especially if they are obscure. • A confrontation is really going to be counterproductive for everyone. • It would be counterproductive to do otherwise. From Business Dictionary coun‧ter‧pro‧duc‧tive /ˌkaʊntəprəˈdʌktɪv-tər-/ adjective having the opposite effect from the one that you intended Increasing government spending too quickly can be counterproductive.

Answer 2

counterproductive habit

Answer 3

take up phrasal verb 1 take something ↔ up to become interested in a new activity and to spend time doing it Roger took painting up for a while, but soon lost interest. 2 take something up to start a new job or have a new responsibility Peter will take up the management of the finance department. take up a post/a position/duties etc The headteacher takes up her duties in August. 3 take something ↔ up if you take up a suggestion, problem, complaint etc, you start to do something about it Now the papers have taken up the story. take something ↔ up with The hospital manager has promised to take the matter up with the member of staff involved. I am still very angry and will be taking it up with the authorities. 4 take up something to fill a particular amount of time or space be taken up with something The little time I had outside of school was taken up with work. take up space/room old books that were taking up space in the office 5 take something ↔ up to accept a suggestion, offer, or idea Rob took up the invitation to visit. take up the challenge/gauntlet Rick took up the challenge and cycled the 250-mile route alone. 6 take up something to move to the exact place where you should be, so that you are ready to do something The runners are taking up their positions on the starting line. 7 take something ↔ up to make a piece of clothing shorter OPP let down 8 take something ↔ up to continue a story or activity that you or someone else had begun, after a short break I’ll take up the story where you left off. → take→ See Verb table Examples from the Corpus take up a post/a position/duties etc • One eye shifts right round the body so that it takes up a position alongside the other. • Edward took up a position at the door-post. • I took up a position in a university library after a career break. • The I in enunciating a signifying chain signifies the self by taking up a position in the signifying chains enunciated. • The strong Auckland group within the team took up a position of influence. • Robert took up a position on the boundary, fairly near to the maths master. • Then she took up a position standing right at the back. • In addition, Lacan feels that taking up a position with respect to meaning structures is inextricably gender-linked. take the matter up • When Parliament returned, the Opposition would take the matter up and proceed to a vote of censure. • I told him the President should take the matter up directly with the First Lady. • I recommend that the hon. Gentleman take the matter up with his council. • She was furious, denied everything and said her husband would be taking the matter up with my editor. • Should a student have any security problems, he/she should take the matter up with Security Staff. • Male speaker I can and shall take the matter up with the Attorney General in relation to the sentence which has been past. • I am going to take the matter up with the company to try to save the jobs for Worcester. • If not you can take the matter up with their manager. take up space/room • And all that good seaweed I collected just sits in a bag in the cupboard, taking up space. • I mean, they take up space and so on, they need dusting. • But the brain is surrounded by the skull, and all that escaped blood takes up space, squeezing the brain. • She believes that it was wrong of her to take up space within her school. take up the challenge/gauntlet • Ability Franchisees come from all sorts of backgrounds, with women increasingly taking up the challenge. • If you are dissatisfied it is your responsibility to determine why and to take up the challenge. • Johnson gleefully took up the challenge. • If the profession does not take up the challenge others will, and an opportunity will have been missed. • If human beings took up the challenge, their response would lay the foundations of civilization. • He has taken up the challenge to lead. • As it stands, few serious runners are likely to take up the challenge to turn it on. taking up ... positions • Out we went at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, taking up our positions as dusk arrived. • Reader Activity My interviewees are taking up subject positions as readers as they talk to me. • Taking up Positions as Readers Knowledge of the ways in which texts circulate colours reading. Related topics: Trade ˈtake-up noun [uncountable] British English the rate at which people accept something that is offered to them Take-up for college places has been slow. Examples from the Corpus take-up • This was not mentioned and highlights the intricacies of benefit take-up. • To date, however, take-up has been disappointing. • This increased take-up is a result of the in-service training programme aimed directly at teachers. • He is also concerned about the low take-up of conducting case conferences by telephone. • Nowhere was this clearer than in moralists' take-up of scientific logic and a language of rationality. • Assuming a proportionally similar take-up on university validated courses, there were about 8,500 students on all Dip.HE courses. • Up to £2 million has been budgeted for the special needs grant but the amount spent will depend on the take-up. • The take-up has been disappointing in some respects, with the most highly motivated members attending several courses. From Business Dictionary take something → up phrasal verb [transitive] 1to start a new job or have a new responsibility He is leaving to take up a position in the private sector. 2to do something about an idea or suggestion that you have been considering I’m going to take this matter up with my lawyer. 3to use a particular amount of space or time Computer equipment takes up about a quarter of the office space. This problem is taking up too much of my time. → take→ See Verb table ˈtake-up noun [uncountable] the rate at which people buy or accept something offered by a company, government etc The bank has not announced targets but it will need high take-up rates to justify its investment.

Answer 4

``` faint1 /feɪnt/ ●●○ adjective 1 difficult to see, hear, smell etc She gave a faint smile. a very faint noise the faint light of dawn ► see thesaurus at quiet 2 → a faint hope/possibility/chance etc 3 → not have the faintest idea 4 feeling weak and as if you are about to become unconscious because you are very ill, tired, or hungry The heat made him feel quite faint. faint with I was faint with hunger. —faintly adverb Everyone looked faintly surprised. The sun shone faintly through the clouds. —faintness noun [uncountable] → damn somebody/something with faint praise at damn4(6) Examples from the Corpus faint • The men went away, and we could hear their voices get fainter and fainter. • For a moment she looked quite faint, but with a great effort she stood her ground. • Before she got there, however, there was a faint cracking from the surrounding darkness. • Then Freitag made a faint gesture to his partner, who put away his pen and notebook. • Immediately four faint, narrow lines appeared, bracketing a tiny and undistinguished star. • We heard a faint noise coming from the room. • I could just make out the faint outline of the cliffs. • On the wall you could see the faint outline of where a picture had once hung. • M56 is not at all prominent, but shows up as a faint patch of light. • There were a few faint pencil lines on the page. • He could not resist a faint smile creeping over his face. • There was silence for a moment as they held each other's eyes, broken only by the faint sound of dance music from down below. • Jean opened the window, and heard the faint sound of the bells drifting across the Old Town. • A second set of shadows appeared; at first long and faint, they shortened and sharpened rapidly. • Far down the inverted telescope he saw the faint white figure of May Welland-in New York. faint light • He knew he was quite safe, yet he felt increasingly tense as he ascended the steep path in the faint light. • In the distance I could see a faint light, and I decided to try to reach it. • A street lamp threw faint light and out of it came a young woman. • Standing all day on the wet clay floor under the dropping ceiling in the faint light cast by tallow candles was grim. • I inspected the room in the faint light coming in around the shutters. • A faint light now appears behind the beaded curtain of one of the houses that face the courtyard. • In the faint light of what is left of day, she can barely make out the road ahead. • A laser transmitted faint light signals to an electronic detector. feel ... faint • He was starting to feel faint. • One Saturday, in September 1995, my pulse races, I get dizzy, and feel faint. • She should not be embarrassed or alarmed if she feels faint. • She stopped using the drugs in January when she suddenly passed out and began feeling faint and weak. • She was already feeling faint, as much from the stale heat of the attic room as for any other reason. • I saw her often just lying down in the afternoons because she felt faint from hunger. • She felt faint when she thought how near she had come to disaster. • Resting there, in the protection of the mighty canopy, was an object which made him feel faint with fear. faint2 ●●○ verb [intransitive] 1 to suddenly become unconscious for a short time SYN pass out Several fans fainted in the blazing heat. 2 → I nearly/almost fainted → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus faint • Just went around in my wrapper all the livelong day, my mama would faint. • I need to go outside. I feel as if I'm going to faint. • It was hot and crowded, and several people fainted. • Flatch replied, determined not to faint. • I must have fainted, and when I came to I didn't know where I was. • He wondered whether he might not faint away. • My grandmother continued to have fainting fits and hysterical fits. • Almost fainting from lack of air, she could only answer in choked gasps. • One of the soldiers guarding the palace fainted in the heat. • Hyperventilation and Anxiety Symptoms Symptoms of a panic attack initiated by adrenalin can never cause us to faint or be sick. • Hi, Robyn, Don't faint with shock, but I felt like writing you a letter! Related topics: Illness & disability faint3 noun [singular] an act of becoming unconscious in a (dead) faint She fell down in a faint. Examples from the Corpus faint • In the eighth round, she faced syncope, which means a faint or swoon. in a (dead) faint • When the chanting stops they fall back in a faint. • David collapsed to the carpet in a faint. • He whirled around at Leif's horrified cry and the bump as the maid fell in a dead faint to the floor. • She slipped forward out of the chair and hit the floor in a dead faint. • As she did so, the colourless lips moved in a faint moan. • Mostly black on black, its central diamond is traced in faint gold and barely visible. • So he made me pretend I was in a dead faint. Origin faint1 (1200-1300) Old French faindre, feindre “to pretend”; → FEIGN ```

Answer 5

throw up phrasal verb 1 to bring food or drink up from your stomach out through your mouth because you are ill SYN vomit Georgia was bent over the basin, throwing up. 2 throw something ↔ up British English to produce problems, ideas, results etc The arrangement may throw up problems in other areas. 3 throw something ↔ up if a vehicle, runner etc throws up dust, water etc as they move along, they make it rise into the air 4 throw something ↔ up British English informal to suddenly leave your job, your home etc I can’t just throw everything up and come and live with you. 5 throw something ↔ up British English to build something quickly new houses hastily thrown up by developers → throw→ See Verb table Examples from the Corpus throw up • I tried giving him some cool, boiled water, but he even threw that up. • Just thinking about it makes me want to throw up. • Keith's had a particularly nasty form of the illness - he's even been throwing up with it.

Answer 6

ac‧com‧plish /əˈkʌmplɪʃ $ əˈkɑːm-, əˈkʌm-/ ●○○ verb [transitive] to succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard SYN achieve We have accomplished all we set out to do. Mission accomplished (=we have done what we intended to do). ► see thesaurus at succeed → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus accomplish • Amy's very proud of what she's accomplished. • At any rate, it had been accomplished. • Easy enough to say, but sometimes hard to accomplish! • She found the job frustrating, and felt she wasn't accomplishing anything there. • How can so much movement in the wrong direction be accomplished in one year? • As you accomplish tasks, cross them off your list. • But not all pretended deeds have to fall short of their normal function in order to accomplish their communicative purpose. • What exactly do you hope to accomplish this year? Mission accomplished • And that was it? Mission accomplished? • Carol hadn't stirred. Mission accomplished. • Then retreat along the trail. Mission accomplished. Origin accomplish (1300-1400) Old French acomplir, from Vulgar Latin accomplere, from Latin ad- “to” + complere ( → COMPLETE1)

Answer 7

``` de‧flect /dɪˈflekt/ ●○○ verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] if someone or something deflects something that is moving, or if it deflects, it turns in a different direction He deflected the blow with his forearm. 2 [transitive] to do something to stop people paying attention to you, criticizing you etc deflect something (away) from something his attempts to deflect attention away from his private life The committee is seeking to deflect criticism by blaming me. 3 [transitive] to take someone’s attention away from something deflect somebody from (doing) something Nothing can deflect me from reaching my goal. → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus deflect • Eisenhower could not so easily deflect a response to state defiance. • And the chairman had occasionally to be very adept at deflecting any risk of libel! • It changes, and can be deflected by the least puff of wind. • The win featured a 15-yard bicycle-kick by Hayden Brown off a deflected corner kick. • While helping Johnson to deflect criticism from conservatives, Hoover expanded the mission of his agency in the domestic arena. • Then, just as he responds, pull back out of range, deflecting his technique and countering. • One effort hit the bar and the other brought out a fine save from Burridge after deflecting off Payton. • The Stealth bomber is designed to deflect radar waves, making it "invisible." deflected ... blow • As the knife flashed down, aimed at his heart, Connor deflected the blow with his left forearm. deflect something (away) from something • While helping Johnson to deflect criticism from conservatives, Hoover expanded the mission of his agency in the domestic arena. • A disposition to incremental change can deflect one from considering or even comprehending wider and more fundamental problems. • What is interesting is that the brush-off did not weaken her resolve or deflect her from her mission. • In fact, the federal budget is designed to deflect responsibility away from politicians. • They could deflect attention from the bride. • Sprint and jink though the gazelle may, there is nothing to deflect the cheetah from the chase. • An inner spiral has also been added to deflect swirling grain from the cyclone's inlet pipe, minimising wear. • Glasgow certainly needs a modern landmark - something to deflect the eye from the miserable tower blocks of the 1960s. deflect somebody from (doing) something • While helping Johnson to deflect criticism from conservatives, Hoover expanded the mission of his agency in the domestic arena. • A disposition to incremental change can deflect one from considering or even comprehending wider and more fundamental problems. • What is interesting is that the brush-off did not weaken her resolve or deflect her from her mission. • In fact, the federal budget is designed to deflect responsibility away from politicians. • They could deflect attention from the bride. • Sprint and jink though the gazelle may, there is nothing to deflect the cheetah from the chase. • An inner spiral has also been added to deflect swirling grain from the cyclone's inlet pipe, minimising wear. • Glasgow certainly needs a modern landmark - something to deflect the eye from the miserable tower blocks of the 1960s. Origin deflect (1500-1600) Latin deflectere “to bend down, turn away” ```

Answer 8

ruf‧fle1 /ˈrʌfəl/ verb [transitive] 1 (also ruffle something ↔ up) to make a smooth surface uneven He ruffled her hair affectionately. A light wind ruffled the water. 2 to offend or upset someone slightly Louise’s sharp comments had ruffled his pride. ruffle somebody’s feathers (=offend someone) → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus ruffle • The maids in their navy-blue uniforms and white ruffled aprons took twice as long to clean his room. • They did their best to soothe the ruffled customers who were waiting for car repairs. • He was sunk back in a ruffled flowery chair. • The wind ruffled his greying hair. • Once the cuticle is ruffled, it no longer reflects light so efficiently. • The wind ruffled Jill's hair. • He ruffled my hair and hugged me close. • I don't want to ruffle my hair. • The girl yawned and rubbed the back of her head just as the wind of Jezrael's exit ruffled the yellow curls. ruffled ... hair • Nicholas leant down and ruffled his cold hair. • The wind ruffled his greying hair. • They kissed Guks and ruffled his hair. • He ruffled my hair and hugged me close. • A strong breeze ruffled Crossley's hair and made him shiver. • A breeze ruffled her hair and set hanks of wool waving on the fence-wire. • He dragged at his shirt and ruffled his hair and stamped his feet an swung his arms about. • After the first night, at the party he had danced with her three times, and ruffled her hair once. Related topics: Clothes ruffle2 noun [countable] a band of thin cloth sewn in folds as a decoration around the edge of something such as a collar Examples from the Corpus ruffle • Can you name any other dance organization in which a male dancer substitutes for a female without raising a ruffle? • An adjustment of her tight neck ruffle, and Natalie continues, looking me straight in the eye with a stern glare. • The ruffle of her nightgown followed her in a mad wake. • All these ruffles should be smoothed out after a few days. • On the mainland, the small beaches were faintly visible, the surf like a tiny ruffle of white lace. • Sam had blood on his white jacket and down the white ruffles. • They developed women's fashions-long dresses with ruffles and frills-based on that of the Southern gentry. • She was flushed and handsome after her rest, wearing something red, with ruffles round the neck. Origin ruffle1 (1300-1400) Perhaps copying the action

Answer 9

Word family noun innocence innocent adjective innocent adverb innocently From English Dictionary - LDOCE Related topics: Law in‧no‧cent1 /ˈɪnəsənt/ ●●○ W3 adjective 1 not guilty of a crime OPP guilty Nobody would believe that I was innocent. innocent of He’s innocent of murder. The court found him innocent and he was released. 2 → innocent victims/bystanders/people etc 3 done or said without intending to harm or offend anyone He was startled by their angry reaction to his innocent remark. 4 not having much experience of the bad things in the world, so that you are easily deceived SYN naive I was thirteen years old and very innocent. —innocently adverb Examples from the Corpus innocent • Dickinson sailed down in slow, sweeping curves, feeling strangely innocent. • Perhaps it was by pure chance that the other woman had been there, and Matthew was entirely innocent. • Nobody believes that she's innocent. • And could they be innocent? • Police Officer Jack Wronski said two of the victims were known gang members; the other was an innocent bystander. • "I didn't kill him - I'm innocent!" Davies shouted. • Don't get her mixed up in your plan - she's just an innocent girl. • Bates allowed an innocent man to go to jail for his crime. • I'm sorry. It was just an innocent mistake. • Jett maintains that he is completely innocent of the charges against him. • Masterfully, in that moment, Pennington shades Peter's love innocent rather than tawdry. • He's so innocent that anyone can take advantage of him. • Observations of the most innocent type. • Under criminal law people are presumed innocent until proved guilty. • Harry Belafonte was Joe, an innocent young soldier. found ... innocent • He then announced that the courts had found me innocent and therefore I would shortly be released. • Some of these unfortunate prisoners were later found innocent at the Forest Eyre. • Once again he was found to be innocent, but he was still kept under arrest. • Dave Bassett has been found innocent of allegations of obscene behaviour at Chelsea last month. • Male speaker Mr Barker found himself an innocent victim and he was questioned and released. innocent2 noun [countable] someone who does not have much experience of the bad things in life Examples from the Corpus innocent • She is a girl of about 12, and she faces the camera with the calm composure of an innocent. • He's such an innocent; anyone can take advantage of him. • Both John and Donner, in different ways, are innocents, Donner surprisingly and dangerously so. • These guys are holy innocents, in love with their worlds and their words. • Moral patients are, for the most part, innocents. • Unfortunately the innocents get hurt, never the criminals behind the scenes. Origin innocent1 (1300-1400) French Latin, from nocens “evil”, present participle of nocere “to harm”

Answer 10

spon‧ta‧ne‧ous /spɒnˈteɪniəs $ spɑːn-/ ●○○ adjective 1 something that is spontaneous has not been planned or organized, but happens by itself, or because you suddenly feel you want to do it The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer. My spontaneous reaction was to run away. 2 someone who is spontaneous does things without planning them first – used to show approval —spontaneously adverb She laughed spontaneously. —spontaneity /ˌspɒntˈniːəti, -ˈneɪəti $ ˌspɑːn-/ noun [uncountable] Examples from the Corpus spontaneous • I'm trying to be more spontaneous. • The invitation was completely spontaneous. • Furthermore, once initiated, the combustion of methane gas at 25°C is very spontaneous. • The group was greeted by spontaneous applause. • The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer when the news was announced. • People believe that behaviour is best left to natural, spontaneous expression. • The isotope U-235 is unstable, decaying by a process called spontaneous fission. • an act of spontaneous generosity • There were songs and testimonies, spontaneous sermons and exhortations, joyous shouts and prayers punctuated by sobs and tears. • The way he told the story, it sounded as if both happened with raw, spontaneous simultaneity. • He suggests that whereas spontaneous speech invokes the child's own realisation rules, imitation does not. Origin spontaneous (1600-1700) Late Latin spontaneus, from Latin sponte “of your own free will”

Answer 11

Related topics: Sport op‧po‧nent /əˈpəʊnənt $ əˈpoʊ-/ ●●● W3 noun [countable] 1 someone who you try to defeat in a competition, game, fight, or argument Graf’s opponent in today’s final will be Sukova. leading/main/chief opponent During the primary elections, McCain was Bush’s leading opponent. formidable/worthy opponent In debate he was a formidable opponent. He is admired even by his political opponents. 2 someone who disagrees with a plan, idea, or system and wants to try to stop or change it OPP proponent opponent of Rodgers was not an opponent of the new airport. bitter/vocal/outspoken opponent an outspoken opponent of gun control COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1: someone who you try to defeat in a competition, game, fight, or argument ADJECTIVES somebody's main/chief opponent Who was her main opponent for the presidential nomination? a leading opponent (=one of the main opponents) In July the authorities arrested two leading opponents of the government. a strong/tough opponent (=one that is difficult to defeat) Arizona is a strong opponent, but the Oregon team intend to beat them. a formidable opponent (=a very strong opponent) In debate, he was a formidable opponent. a dangerous opponent (=one who might defeat you) In tomorrow's match, he will take on his most dangerous opponent. a political opponent the president's political opponents a worthy opponent (=one who deserves respect) The Democratic Senator has shown himself to be a worthy opponent. VERBS face an opponent The team were facing their final opponent of the season. defeat an opponent She came within three points of defeating her opponent. outfox/outwit/outmanoeuvre an opponent (=gain an advantage over an opponent by being more intelligent or skilful than they are) Football is all about outwitting your opponents. COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 2: someone who disagrees with a plan, idea, or system and wants to try to stop or change it ADJECTIVES the main/chief opponent one of the new law's main opponents a leading opponent (=one of the main opponents, often influencing other people) She was a leading opponent of gun control in the Senate. a strong opponent (=one who feels strongly that a particular thing is wrong and tries to stop it) Brennan was a strong opponent of the death penalty. a fierce/bitter opponent (=a very strong opponent, who often expresses their opinions angrily) She became well-known as a bitter opponent of slavery. a vigorous opponent (=one who opposes something with a lot of energy and determination) a vigorous opponent of the use of nuclear weapons an outspoken/vocal opponent (=one who publicly expresses disagreement with something) He was a vocal opponent of closer relations with the United States. a vociferous opponent (=one who publicly expresses very strong disagreement) Many residents were vociferous opponents of the plan. Examples from the Corpus opponent • Like their rivals, they expect no gifts, no walkovers against an opponent who has lost heart and given up. • In some countries, any opponent of the government is likely to lose their job. • Brownlee regards Reaney as his most difficult opponent. • Manchester United will prove a formidable opponent this season. • He is also expected to have complete trust in his opponent in spite of all indications to the contrary. • His opponent will be lucky to get seventy thousand Republicans interested enough to cast a primary vote. • His opponents dismiss his rise in the polls as a mere matter of money. • Carson is Seymour's main opponent for the Republican Senate nomination. • My opponent was much older than I was. • My opponent was the same age and height as myself. • One notable opponent of the proposal was the mayor. • Karpov defeated his 24-year-old opponent in 57 moves. • There has been no discussion of Denver, the Raiders' opponent on Oct. 19. • Highbrow publishers and small bookshops are the most resolute opponents. political opponents • This get-together was unusual for its agenda: tactics for eliminating political opponents. • Lanier, a Democrat, argues that he was set up for conviction by his political opponents. • Three hours into his term, a group of political opponents arrived, declared the city in chaos and demanded Gonzalez resign. • It seems that new recruits were likely to have been the spies of political opponents or officers of the Special Branch. • None of us reckoned on the combined firepower of the national spotlight, powerful political opponents and, yes, our shortcomings. • They may be suspected political opponents. • Many councils are controlled by their political opponents, even in areas where Conservatives hold parliamentary seats with quite large majorities. • President Banda's one-party government has a ruthless record, especially when dealing with political opponents. bitter/vocal/outspoken opponent • Switchboard became a vocal opponent of the tactics, providing material for parliamentary and media attacks upon the practices. • Fife Symington has been a vocal opponent of a Proposition 187 movement in Arizona. • Davis has earned a reputation as an outspoken opponent of any kind of nuclear waste dumping at sea. • Mrs Chavez is an outspoken opponent of both ideas. • Many are vocal opponents of liberalised international markets in general. • The law was sent for approval to Governor George Deukmejian, a former outspoken opponent of gun control. • Even his most bitter opponents are keeping their heads down. • Has Visa International -- one of the most vocal opponents of so-called ambush marketing -- ended up ambushing itself? Origin opponent (1500-1600) Latin present participle of opponere; → OPPOSE

Answer 12

noun [countable] | 1 sword.jpg a weapon with a long pointed blade and a handle

Answer 13

Related topics: Colours & sounds crunch1 /krʌntʃ/ noun 1 [singular] a noise like the sound of something being crushed The only sound was the crunch of tyres on gravel. 2 [countable, singular] American English a difficult situation caused by a lack of something, especially money or time Three new teachers were hired to help ease the crunch. cash/budget/financial etc crunch Cost cutting had enabled the organization to survive a previous cash crunch. 3 → the crunch 4 [countable] an exercise in which you lie on your back and lift your head and shoulders off the ground to make your stomach muscles strong SYN sit-up Examples from the Corpus crunch • First though it's rugby and crunch time in the Courage League tomorrow. • At crunch time the team really pulled together. • My footsteps made a satisfactory crunch on a gravel path and I was aware at once that the satyr's footsteps had halted. • Millions of otherwise serviceable computers today are suffering from space crunch. • While that supply crunch has eased, prices are still benefiting to some extent, traders say. • Actually, the crunch did come, and the liberals never lifted a finger to save us. • I heard the crunch of footsteps on gravel road outside. • If it comes to the crunch, going in would seem to me the lesser evil. • There was the crunch of his feet rapidly moving away over the snow and she felt her tense muscles relax. cash/budget/financial etc crunch • In the short term, next week's budget crunch is more like a toy train crash rather than the real thing. • But until the budget crunches of the early nineties, no administrator ever threatened to fire them. • The cash crunch also prevented the family from fully stocking its remaining stores. • Despite this cash crunch, Simpson may yet find a way to at least postpone payment of his debts to the plaintiffs. Related topics: Colours & sounds crunch2 verb 1 [intransitive] to make a sound like something being crushed Their boots crunched loudly on the frozen snow. 2 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive] to eat hard food in a way that makes a noise crunch on The dog was crunching on a bone. 3 → crunch (the) numbers → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus crunch • He drank his orange juice and crunched a half burnt piece of toast. • Jill was reading the paper, crunching a raw carrot as she read. • We walked along in silence, the snow crunching beneath our feet. • No, the sound of crunching from the hallway confirmed that Holmes was having a remote control snack. • Kids were crunching graham crackers and drinking juice. • He staggered round the rear of the couch, feet crunching in plaster, and sat down. • The Don Eusebio crunched into the Zamboanga wharf at noon, four hours behind schedule. • She popped a fragment of biscuit into her mouth and crunched it primly with her front teeth. • Miguel, crunching on a mouthful of chips, wiped the cheese from his beard. • The room was lit by a red light from the burning houses behind it as Anne crunched over broken crockery and plaster. • They crunch those numbers with their calculators and spreadsheets. • Broken window glass crunched under foot. From Business Dictionary crunch /krʌntʃ/ verb crunch (the) numbers to do very complicated calculations on large amounts of DATA (=information stored on a computer) in order to find out about something Media buyers have to know what’s going on, not just how to crunch numbers. → see also cash crunch, credit crunch, supply crunch → See Verb table Origin crunch2 (1800-1900) cranch “to crunch” ((17-19 centuries)), probably from the sound; influenced by munch

Answer 14

Word family noun treat treatment mistreatment adjective untreated treatable verb treat mistreat From English Dictionary - LDOCE mis‧treat /ˌmɪsˈtriːt/ verb [transitive] to treat a person or animal badly, especially in a cruel way SYN ill-treat, maltreat Security forces are accused of mistreating prisoners. —mistreatment noun [uncountable] → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus mistreat • The dangers of the Naples street-life did not bother her; she believed that no one would mistreat her. • She won't have anything to do with the boy and my husband has said she used to mistreat him. • They mistreat those in a lower rank, pressure us unnecessarily hinting that they will sue us or call on our superiors.

Answer 15

jerk1 /dʒɜːk $ dʒɜːrk/ ●○○ verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to move with a quick sudden movement, or to make part of your body move in this way Wilcox jerked his head to indicate that they should move on. ‘Is that the only way out of here?’ he asked, jerking a thumb at the door. jerk back/up/forwards etc Suddenly, he jerked back in his chair. The sound of the phone jerked me awake. 2 [intransitive, transitive] to pull something suddenly and roughly jerk at Doyle jerked at the girl’s hair to make her sit down. She jerked open the car door and got out. → jerk somebody around → jerk off → jerk out something → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus jerk • The doctor jerked a thumb to the right. • The seat beneath me swayed and jerked according to the simplemindedness of that hunching locomotive fit for a child. • In the early hours of the morning, at about three, Stephen jerked awake from a nightmare. • His whole body had jerked, he had nearly hit buy rather than sell mid-deal. • Isabel jerked her hand away from his and shoved it in her pocket. • Sue jerked her thumb toward the garage. • Two men appeared in front of him, and he caught her wrist and jerked her to one side, raising his sword. • She mouthed the name at Ottershaw, and he jerked his head towards the kitchen. • Bonaventure, but none of them reported any of the jerking movement, incontinence or tongue-biting that usually accompanies seizures. • Mark jerked the phone away from the girl. • Graham had to jerk the steering wheel to the left to avoid a crash. • He jerked the string and the light came on. • A limousine carrying Harris and several other black passengers jerked to a stop. • He jerked upright when the phone rang. • They jerked wildly in toward the cliff, among the blocks of stone. jerked ... awake • When she jerked awake and saw that Anna was nodding over the book, she sent her up to bed. • Each morning I jerked awake at four or five after dreaming of Ellie. • About 2 a. m. he was jerked awake by noises. • In the early hours of the morning, at about three, Stephen jerked awake from a nightmare. • Twice he jerked awake, realizing he had been walking in his sleep. • She put both hands before her and jerked wide awake with a scream. jerked open • I listen for the eyes jerked open on pillows, Their dreams washed with sudden ugly petroleum. • Edward jerked open the door, interposing himself so that they should not stare. • He marched past the dishevelled double bed, jerked open the nearest window, and climbed outside. • I jerked open the side door and went into the house. jerk2 noun [countable] 1 a sudden quick movement He gave a sudden jerk of his head. with a jerk She started the car with a jerk and hit the bumper of the car in front. 2 informal someone, especially a man, who is stupid or who does things that annoy or hurt other people SYN idiot I swore at him for being such a jerk. Examples from the Corpus jerk • Ignore him. He's just a jerk. • I liked the job, but the manager was a jerk. • The man indicated the one in the far corner with a jerk of his head. • The train moved off with a jerk. • Why do you put up with a jerk like that? • His eyes blinked violently in a spasm that screwed up his face in rapid jerks. • Her husband was being a real jerk about the divorce. • She pulled the dog back with a sharp jerk of his leash. • Some jerk just drove right into the back of my car. • She seems to always end up in a relationship with some total jerk. • He's an unprofessional jerk who's always pestering the women in the office. • Ow! You jerk, that hurt! with a jerk • The boat moved forward with a jerking motion as the line to the police launch slacked and tightened in the swell. jerk3 adjective → jerk chicken/pork etc Origin jerk1 (1500-1600) Probably from yerk “to hit, pull suddenly” ((16-19 centuries)) jerk2 1. (1500-1600) → JERK12. (1900-2000) Probably from jerk off

Answer 16

with‧hold /wɪðˈhəʊld, wɪθ- $ -ˈhoʊld/ ●○○ verb (past tense and past participle withheld /-ˈheld/) [transitive] to refuse to give someone something I withheld payment until they had completed the work. Ian was accused of withholding vital information from the police. → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus withhold • Where there is no love to start with, there is nothing of an abstract nature to withhold. • When the article was published, I asked for my name to be withheld. • To maintain the row's high pitch of energy, you need to make sure that sympathy is withheld by all parties. • Many were blacked out except for a sentence or less; other pages were withheld in their entirety. • Civil servants should be as helpful as possible, and withhold information only in the interests of national security. • Who do I think I am to withhold it so selfishly? • Doctors do not have the right to withhold necessary treatment from a patient. • The new law allows you to withhold payment if you think a bill is incorrect. • Given the power of the managerial hierarchy to dispense or withhold rewards, open acts of defiance expose individuals to reprisal. • She appreciated him, he said, flattered him, but always seemed to withhold something. • You have granted him the desire of his heart and have not withheld the request of his lips. • They can not withhold treatment as punishment for any reason. • He was accused of withholding vital evidence from the police. From Business Dictionary with‧hold /wɪDˈhəʊld, wɪθ--ˈhoʊld/ (past tense and past participle withheld /-ˈheld/) verb [transitive] 1to refuse to let someone have something I withheld payment until they had completed the work. Part of your salary is withheld for income tax. 2withhold facts/evidence/information to refuse to give information The computer giant has hinted that it has some big plans, but has withheld details. → See Verb table Origin withhold (1200-1300) with “from” + hold

Answer 17

show‧down /ˈʃəʊdaʊn $ ˈʃoʊ-/ noun [countable usually singular] a meeting, argument, fight etc that will settle a disagreement or competition that has continued for a long time showdown with a showdown with the striking workers Britain has a World Cup showdown with Australia next month. Examples from the Corpus showdown • Everyone in the office knew that there would be a showdown sooner or later, the way things were going. • I felt it was necessary to have a showdown. • A sequence of events since last spring made a showdown over these issues almost inevitable, analysts contend. • The Senate moved toward another showdown with the President over the budget. • Odd things have been happening to the Republicans in Congress since their disastrous showdown with the president over the budget. • Behind the scenes Pilger, still fuming from the Kennedy Hotel showdown, was working separately. • So you must expect one last showdown that's followed by a decisive step in a new direction. • What happened was the night before break started, Rudy and I had another one of our showdowns in his bed. • The showdown between Rosecrans and Bragg finally came in mid-September. • The showdown came when the Andover people helped impose a ban on prostitution.

Answer 18

sol‧i‧tude /ˈsɒlɪtjuːd $ ˈsɑːlɪtuːd/ noun [uncountable] when you are alone, especially when this is what you enjoy → loneliness in solitude Carl spent the morning in solitude. the solitude of her house on the lake Examples from the Corpus solitude • He spent his free time in solitude, reading or walking in the hills. • Kitty stood against the back wall, stony, her face blotchy from tears wept in solitude. • How strange to emerge from my solitude. • I need solitude in order to paint my pictures. • We have in prospect eight months of solitude, clinging to the edge of the world's coldest, remotest continent. • Ella loved the quiet solitude of her weekends. • It was the solitude growing around me, growing under me: this I couldn't take. • Nor did he enjoy the mass, the open aggression of it, being so used to solitude, to hidden deceits. in solitude • The President read his briefing material in solitude. Origin solitude (1300-1400) Old French Latin solitudo, from solus; → SOLE1

Answer 19

``` Word family noun definition adjective definite ≠ indefinite verb define adverb definitely ≠ indefinitely From English Dictionary - LDOCE de‧fine /dɪˈfaɪn/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL verb [transitive] 1 to describe something correctly and thoroughly, and to say what standards, limits, qualities etc it has that make it different from other things the ability to define clients’ needs The duties of the post are difficult to define. clearly/well defined The tasks will be clearly defined by the tutor. define something as something 70% of the workers can be defined as low-paid. 2 to explain exactly the meaning of a particular word or idea → definition I’ll now try to define the term ‘popular culture’. define something as something A budget is defined as ‘a plan of action expressed in money terms’. Define precisely what you mean by ‘crime’. 3 to show the edge or shape of something clearly → definition The bird has sharply defined black and rust markings. —definable adjective → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus define • This, clearly, is another key concept in the theory, so how is it defined? • The rest of the movie, however, is not as successful; motivations are unexplained and characters are less than defined. • They define a good patient as one who accepts their state-ments and their actions uncritically and unquestioningly. • Dietary fibre can be loosely defined as the cell-wall material of plants. • The dictionary defines it as "a narrow passage". • The outer boundary of a closed figure usually defines its size. • Early childhood educators are rarely involved in defining problems, shaping solutions, or choosing options. • Each of us might define the concept of freedom in a slightly different way. • It must define the target and the date by which it is to be achieved. • Some one else defines who they are and what they stand for as public figures. clearly/well defined • Task alignment is easiest in small units... where goals and tasks are clearly defined. • All paths and tracks are well defined and mostly signposted; route-finding quite easy. • The clearly defined black spots and red bands of courage that set the rainbow apart from other trout are truly remarkable. • It contrasts with the information needs for operational control which are well defined, detailed and accurate. • The objectives of the western operations would have to be clearly defined from the start. • It is for this reason that technical terms be clearly defined in this section of the proposal. • It appeared to roll forward and unfold under its own natural momentum, to reach its clearly defined objectives. • At the beginning of each year a timetable is prepared and each year group follows a clearly defined, predetermined curriculum. sharply defined • Within this framework, every character is sharply defined. • It was a wrenching moment for Feingold: He stood sharply defined against a background that was all too schematic. • His nose was long and straight and his mouth was sharply defined and beautifully shaped. • Zoologists today might not agree that the division is quite so sharply defined as Wallace suggested. • The cloud bases are fairly sharply defined because of the steady decrease of temperature with altitude. • In fact there are some nice examples of mixes of higher education and new technology thriving in sharply defined cultural niches. • Only she, and you as her parents, have any sharply defined reality. • Differs from marsh terns in winter by square white tail, smoky underwing and no sharply defined white shoulder. • Leung draws his pictures with lines that are sharply defined , with clean angles and shadows. Origin define (1300-1400) Old French definer, from Latin definire, from finire “to limit, end” ```

Answer 20

Word family noun act action ≠ inaction activity ≠ inactivity reaction interaction overacting adjective acting active ≠ inactive verb act ≠ overact adverb actively noun interaction interactivity adjective interactive verb interact adverb interactively From English Dictionary - LDOCE in‧ter‧ac‧tion /ˌɪntərˈækʃən/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun [countable, uncountable] 1 a process by which two or more things affect each other interaction of Price is determined through the interaction of demand and supply. interaction with/between the complex interaction between mind and body 2 the activity of talking to other people, working together with them etc interaction with/between the degree of interaction between teacher and student Examples from the Corpus interaction with/between • The girl who hits other children can be denied interaction with other children. 3. • But they vary in terms of gameplay, interaction with the gaming environment, graphics, storyline and system requirements. • In addition, protein structure, post-translational modification, or interaction with other proteins may affect site recognition. • Iran's interaction with the West • This displacement allows a strong interaction with the N terminus of the repressor B helix. • Learning is through interaction with the environment rather than being preprogrammed. • The third dialectic involves the subject recognizing itself through interaction with other subjects. • She observed the verbal interactions between sister and learner. • The writer is engaged in a kind of vicarious interaction with a presumed reader and anticipates and provides for likely reactions. interaction with/between • The girl who hits other children can be denied interaction with other children. 3. • But they vary in terms of gameplay, interaction with the gaming environment, graphics, storyline and system requirements. • In addition, protein structure, post-translational modification, or interaction with other proteins may affect site recognition. • This displacement allows a strong interaction with the N terminus of the repressor B helix. • Learning is through interaction with the environment rather than being preprogrammed. • The third dialectic involves the subject recognizing itself through interaction with other subjects. • She observed the verbal interactions between sister and learner. • The writer is engaged in a kind of vicarious interaction with a presumed reader and anticipates and provides for likely reactions.

Answer 21

Related topics: Law where‧as /weərˈæz $ wer-/ ●●○ W2 AWL conjunction 1 formal used to say that although something is true of one thing, it is not true of another The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple. Whereas the city spent over $1 billion on its museums and stadium, it failed to look after its schools. ► see thesaurus at but 2 law used at the beginning of an official document to mean ‘because of a particular fact’ Examples from the Corpus whereas • A bowl of instant oatmeal costs about $.15, whereas regular oatmeal costs only $.05 per bowl.

Answer 22

in terms of something if you explain or describe something in terms of a particular fact or event, you are explaining or describing it only in relation to that fact or event describe/measure/evaluate etc something in terms of something Femininity is still defined in terms of beauty. It’s a mistake to think of Florida only in terms of its tourist attractions. It’s too early to start talking in terms of casualties. in terms of what/how/who etc Did the experiment find any differences in terms of what children learned? → term Examples from the Corpus in terms of what/how/who etc • In the end, there is little change in terms of what children learn. • Another philosophical stance views children in terms of what they know-their strengths. • He sees it in terms of what might be. • Mainstream modernism has often measured its modernity in terms of how far it dispenses with nature / naturalism. • If you really want to get the job think only in terms of what you can do for your future employer. • How it works Simply follow the programme as laid out in terms of how often to walk and for how long. • And it is also good to think in terms of what bad things could happen. • We should have the communications people thinking in terms of how the President can articulate what the future might be.

Answer 23

ex‧tro‧vert‧ed /ˈekstrəvɜːtɪd $ -vɜːr-/ (also extrovert) adjective having a confident character and enjoying the company of other people OPP introverted —extroversion /ˌekstrəˈvɜːʃən $ -ˈvɜːrʒən/ noun [uncountable] Examples from the Corpus extroverted • They were two of a kind - extroverted and fun-loving. • They may marry an extroverted intuitive-thinking type like themselves, or an introverted sensation-feeling type quite unlike themselves. • First he distinguished the extroverted person from the introverted one - attitude types, as he called them. • Smokers are measurably more extroverted than non-smokers.

Answer 24

grav‧i‧tate /ˈɡrævɪteɪt/ verb [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] formal to be attracted to something and therefore move towards it or become involved with it gravitate to/towards Most visitors to London gravitate to Piccadilly Circus and Leicester Square. → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus gravitate • They're gravitating to a large noisy mechanical crudely-lit fairground. • As a kid, she was a superior all-around athlete, eventually gravitating to golf at age 14. • Funnily enough, whenever he does this all the really interesting people in the room seem to gravitate to his chair. • I feel stock returns will eventually gravitate to their historic norms of 10. 5 percent annually since 1925. • There was always plenty to drink, and eventually the two would gravitate toward each other and dance very close. • In the long run the economy will tend to gravitate towards a position of Walrasian equilibrium. gravitate to/towards • They're gravitating to a large noisy mechanical crudely-lit fairground. • In the long run the economy will tend to gravitate towards a position of Walrasian equilibrium. • The people I gravitate to are dreamers. • As a kid, she was a superior all-around athlete, eventually gravitating to golf at age 14. • Funnily enough, whenever he does this all the really interesting people in the room seem to gravitate to his chair. • Each pair in fact began to gravitate to opposite poles within the horizon which Dialectical Theology had opened up. • I feel stock returns will eventually gravitate to their historic norms of 10. 5 percent annually since 1925.

Answer 25

con‧tin‧u‧um /kənˈtɪnjuəm/ ●○○ noun (plural continuums or continua /-njuə/) [countable] formal a scale of related things on which each one is only slightly different from the one before The Creole language is really various dialects arranged on a continuum. All the organisms in an ecosystem are part of an evolutionary continuum. Examples from the Corpus continuum • Mental development follows a set course along a continuum. • Piaget conceptualized development as a continuous process along a continuum. • But still the image of a continuum persisted. • These values are assumed to reside in the cultural continuum which Bateson sees as stretching from 1200 to the present. • Many mini-theories involve the r - K continuum. • From terns to peafowl, there is a kind of continuum of different criteria. • At the bottom of the continuum are commonly used labels ranging from autocratic to laissez-faire. • The structure now reflects the continuum rather than the discrete units we perceive. • As the first results came in, so too did the first signs of a strange disruption in the space-time continuum. Origin continuum (1600-1700) Latin continuus; → CONTINUOUS

Answer 26

sol‧i‧ta‧ry1 /ˈsɒlətəri $ ˈsɑːləteri/ ●○○ adjective 1 [only before noun] used to emphasize that there is only one of something SYN single the solitary goal of the match The benches were empty except for a single solitary figure. 2 doing something without anyone else with you a long, solitary walk 3 spending a lot of time alone, usually because you like being alone OPP sociable a solitary man Pandas are solitary creatures. He led a rather solitary existence. 4 → not a solitary word/thing etc —solitarily adverb —solitariness noun [uncountable] Examples from the Corpus solitary • Normally solitary characters, after infection these animals lived in harmony with each other, mating and raising many pups. • It isn't a solitary clunker that produced a 103-85 loss to the Miami Heat that is offensive. • The larvae live in kin groups and are aposematic, while the adults disperse to live a solitary existence and are cryptic. • I could see a solitary figure outlined against the horizon. • A solitary figure stood at the end of the bar. • There was one solitary hotel left standing after the earthquake. • Ed enjoys the solitary life of a rancher. • A solitary light shone in the street. • He looked pleased: a solitary man, by the look of him, one who cherished his privacy. • Gimson was a deeply solitary man with a contradictory need for close male friendships. • Hamilton was described as a solitary man. • She pulls the Datsun over and enjoys her first solitary moment since her arrival. • Even his hobbies were the solitary pursuits of hunting and fishing. • A solitary tear escaped his eye, and he cursed himself for it. • Helena took long solitary walks to the lake. • She was a very solitary woman who didn't make friends easily. Related topics: Jail & punishment solitary2 noun (plural solitaries) 1 [uncountable] informal solitary confinement He spent two weeks in solitary. 2 [countable] British English literary someone who lives completely alone SYN hermit Examples from the Corpus solitary • Then shepherds - but shepherds are solitaries. • When he left the infirmary he was due to spend two weeks in solitary. • Judge orders confiscation of smuggler's £1.5m assets Drugs baron faces 15 years in solitary. • The gods of the field incline with the solitaries of the study. Origin solitary1 (1300-1400) Latin solitarius, from solitas “solitude”, from solus; → SOLE1

Answer 27

di‧min‧ish /dəˈmɪnɪʃ/ ●●○ AWL verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to become or make something become smaller or less SYN reduce The party’s share of the electorate has diminished steadily. These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain. ► see thesaurus at decrease 2 [transitive] to deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are Don’t let him diminish your achievements. But that’s not to diminish the importance of his discoveries. 3 → diminishing returns → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus diminish • The time Foreman spent with his children gradually diminished. • With time, such resistance will doubtless diminish. • Then business diminished, and the partners persuaded Stratford to live off his Prescott estate in Gloucestershire. • Tate said the fences threaten to diminish property values in the neighborhood. • It will diminish rapidly with the distance in relatedness between individuals. • One was the idea of diminishing returns, applied in this case to income or wealth. • When the food has gone, its appeal diminishes, the dance stops, the crowd disperses and a new hunt begins. • "I'm not going to diminish the fact that I was upset, " McMahon said. • Steady rates would diminish the risk that ever-more homeowners will refinance the mortgages underlying the bonds. Origin diminish (1400-1500) diminue ((14-16 centuries)), from Old French diminuer, from Latin minuere “to make less”

Answer 28

Word family noun enhancement enhancer adjective enhanced verb enhance From English Dictionary - LDOCE en‧hance /ɪnˈhɑːns $ ɪnˈhæns/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [transitive] to improve something Good lighting will enhance any room. The publicity has enhanced his reputation. —enhancer noun [countable] flavor enhancers —enhancement noun [countable, uncountable] → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus enhance • This image can then be enhanced and electronically analyzed. • To some extent it is pOssible for parents to enhance certain aspects Of infant intelligence. • But medical advance not only enhances clinical capability, it carries with it profound ethical, legal, social and economic implications. • We're using technology to enhance our levels of service. • But what specific actions can we take to enhance our satisfaction while at the same time reassuring our new acquaintances? • Low lighting and soft music enhanced the atmosphere in the room. • You can enhance the flavour of most dishes with the careful use of herbs. • All of them continue to enhance the role of the church musician by their devotion and perseverance. • He has some electronic equipment originally intended for the language laboratory, which enhances the sound quality. • When water is running it enhances the village aspect and in spring flotillas of ducklings can be seen on it. • Harmaline only serves to enhance this behavior { 28 }. enhanced ... reputation • It certainly helped to enhance the reputation of our province at this level. • It is an uncontrolled shot and one which will definitely not enhance your reputation in the clubhouse! • On road and off, the new Shoguns will enhance their reputation here. • Pictures showing unruly behaviour or empty benches might not enhance the reputation of the House. • Quite apart from enhancing its reputation, it also reassures other agents that they will not be forgotten. • Throughout most of those countries the universal view is that Britain should do more to enhance its reputation through the fund. • When you help colleagues to produce more, you enhance your own reputation. • Zahedi enhanced this reputation and London society had a taste of the party giving that was to hit Washington ten years later. From Business Dictionary en‧hance /ɪnˈhɑːnsɪnˈhæns/ verb [transitive] to improve the quality or value of something The performance of some Windows programs should be enhanced by the Unix hardware. —enhanced adjective The plan was to offer senior officers enhanced pensions. → See Verb table Origin enhance (1200-1300) Anglo-French enhauncer, from Vulgar Latin inaltiare “to raise”, from Latin altus “high”

Answer 29

af‧fil‧i‧ate1 /əˈfɪlieɪt/ verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] if a group or organization affiliates to or with another larger one, it forms a close connection with it affiliate with The Society is not affiliated with any political party. affiliate to the church’s right to affiliate to Rome Grammar Affiliate is usually passive in this meaning, when used as a transitive verb. 2 → affiliate yourself to/with somebody/something → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus affiliate • By 1937 there was one individual Party member for every five affiliated from the unions. • Nevertheless, Plenderleith injects genuine pathos into his tales that, on the whole, are affiliated to the great game. • Koa Oil Co., a refiner affiliated with Nippon Oil, gained 90 yen to 970 yen. • She and our outreach nurse call MotherRisk, a programme affiliated with our city's paediatric hospital. • The small-business component of the local chambers of commerce affiliated with us is even more conspicuous. af‧fil‧i‧ate2 /əˈfɪliət/ noun [countable] a company, organization etc that is connected with or controlled by a larger one Volvo’s Japanese affiliate, Mitsubishi Examples from the Corpus affiliate • As part of the merger, affiliates of Trump Hotels would also sell $ 750 million in new bonds. • As a result the bank is able to recoup the loan and the securities affiliate earns an underwriting fee. 6. • The affiliate advises investors to buy some of the issue. • The affiliates were known as cells. • The Communist Party and various affiliates control nearly all Soviet printing presses and broadcasting stations. From Business Dictionary af‧fil‧i‧ate1 /əˈfɪliət/ noun [countable] a small company or organization that is connected with or controlled by a larger one Fuji Xerox Co., the Japanese affiliate of Xerox Corp af‧fi‧li‧ate2 /əˈfɪlieɪt/ verb [intransitive, transitive] if a group or organization affiliates to or is affiliated to a larger one, it is connected with it or controlled by it affiliate to The company is affiliated to the giant Sumitomo group. Student associations almost all affiliate to the National Union of Students. —affiliated adjective a complicated network of affiliated companies Most local TV stations are affiliated with one of the major networks. —affiliation noun [uncountable] its affiliation to the industry federation → See Verb table Origin affiliate1 (1700-1800) Medieval Latin past participle of affiliare “to take over as a son”, from Latin ad- “to” + filius “son”

Answer 30

stem from something phrasal verb to develop as a result of something else His headaches stemmed from vision problems. → stem→ See Verb table Examples from the Corpus stem from • Much of the friction stemmed from a debate about which technology to use. • In 1993, a wage garnishment was filed against him stemming from a diamond sale gone sour. • The creek splashes and gurgles in a series of descending pools stemming from a small waterfall. • Our fearful notions about the effects of getting older stem from an earlier time. • It also tries to say that women's problems stem from either their sexuality or the family. • In part, this stems from history. • The modern anguish stems from the absurdity of the allegory, once its center, divine Will, is removed. • The exact date of its original building is disputed but it probably stems from the late fifth or early sixth century.

Answer 31

for instance for example We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport. → instance Examples from the Corpus for instance • Old English was in many ways similar to Modern German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected.

Answer 32

in‧tro‧spec‧tion /ˌɪntrəˈspekʃən/ noun [uncountable] the process of thinking deeply about your own thoughts, feelings, or behaviour Origin introspection (1600-1700) Latin introspectio, from introspicere, from specere “to look”

Answer 33

anxiety-provoking things

Answer 34

Related topics: Psychology, psychiatry cog‧ni‧tive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv $ ˈkɑːɡ-/ ●○○ adjective formal related to the process of knowing, understanding, and learning something cognitive psychology —cognitively adverb Examples from the Corpus cognitive • All the evidence points to dreaming being a highly complex cognitive activity. • Beginning with the emergence of preoperational reasoning, arguments and intellectual confrontations with others are a source of cognitive conflict and disequilibrium. • Moreover, particular examples of the use or non-use of multiple points of view are not necessarily indicators of cognitive deprivation. • With initial cognitive differentiations, the first acquired feelings are observed. • The principal advantage of this drug is that it causes little sedation or impairment of cognitive function and no dysmorphic side effects. • Estrogen is said to enhance cognitive function. • She pursues the consequences of these differences for educational modes and for cognitive operations. • Therapy based on these questions can be wonderful and effective for help with a wide variety of emotional or cognitive problems.

Answer 35

Related topics: Human, Colours & sounds, Linguistics na‧sal1 /ˈneɪzəl/ adjective Nasal breathing 1 [only before noun] related to the nose the nasal passage 2 a sound or voice that is nasal comes mainly through your nose He spoke in a high nasal voice. 3 [only before noun] technical a nasal consonant or vowel such as /n/ or /m/ is one that is produced completely or partly through your nose —nasally adverb Examples from the Corpus nasal • And because of its reduced nasal cavities it may find breathing increasingly difficult as it grows older. • In this circumstance, nasopharyngeal electrodes inserted through the nasal cavity may show the epileptic activity more clearly. • Notice that the name Makah has a nasal consonant-thus appearing to contradict the claim that these languages have no nasals. • Miller's nasal country twang reveals his Georgia origins. • Doreen was a girl who always sounded as though her nasal passages were obstructed or her throat sore. • Similarly, many scientists argue that dinosaurs developed extensive nasal passages with membranes to cool their skin surfaces. • clogged nasal passages • Half then used a nasal spray for a further 10 days, while half used a placebo spray. Related topics: Linguistics nasal2 noun [countable] technical a particular speech sound such as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ that is made through your nose Examples from the Corpus nasal • Notice that the name Makah has a nasal consonant-thus appearing to contradict the claim that these languages have no nasals. • Grimacing, I noticed my voice was attaining characteristics of the hideous local accent-the horrifying, flat, Rochester nasal. • Of the syllabic nasals, the most frequently found and the most important is. • Table 4.2 also shows that back realizations are favoured by following fricatives, non-velar voiced stops and non-velar nasals. • Syllabic velar nasal is also possible in this context. • A new phoneme, the velar nasal, was born. Origin nasal1 (1600-1700) Medieval Latin nasalis, from Latin nasus “nose”

Answer 36

Related topics: Law col‧lu‧sion /kəˈluːʒən/ noun [uncountable] a secret agreement that two or more people make in order to do something dishonest Examples from the Corpus collusion • Collusion at the company breeds collusion in the family, which breeds collusion at the company-his and hers. • A sense of complicity is established between the artist and the single viewer, a collusion excluding all other visitors. • The manufacturers of tea and soap are in collusion. • In fact, the church will be in collusion with evil if it does not stand on the side of the victim. • But he only looked at her blankly, and gave no rueful half-smile in collusion. • Chandler convicts himself of collusion as well: the novel focuses on the profits the Sternwoods have made in oil. • This then ensures that fraud can not be committed without the collusion of at least two individuals. From Business Dictionary col‧lu‧sion /kəˈluːʒən/ noun [uncountable] when people or businesses share information or secretly make arrangements among themselves to get an unfair advantage an investigation into alleged collusion among art dealers The Wall Street Journal reported last month that collusion and price-fixing in the Treasury market have been routine for more than a decade.

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bu‧reau‧crat‧ic /ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk◂ $ ˌbjʊr-/ ●○○ adjective involving a lot of complicated official rules and processes —bureaucratically /-kli/ adverb Examples from the Corpus bureaucratic • The procedure for getting funding approval is so bureaucratic! • Yet government was not in any strict sense bureaucratic. • Postmodernism points to a more organic, less differentiated enclave of organization than those dominated by the bureaucratic designs of modernity. • By some bureaucratic error I was never recalled, and because of this I never became a Giovane Fascista. • The administrators in Gamma behave in accordance with the bureaucratic ideal. • The assumption that large authorities are costly and bureaucratic is wrong, according to the Regional Council. • But the bureaucratic model developed in conditions very different from those we experience today. • Trying to enforce the law regulating the length of passenger buses has been a bureaucratic nightmare. • One such is the following chart, which can be used to devise typical bureaucratic phrases that sound impressive but mean nothing. • Chennault and Alsop were losing the bureaucratic war. From Business Dictionary bu‧reau‧crat‧ic /ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk◂ˌbjʊr-/ adjective disapproving involving or having a lot of complicated and unnecessary official rules The group has had a history of being very bureaucratic and very slow moving

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for‧mer1 /ˈfɔːmə $ ˈfɔːrmər/ ●●● S2 W1 adjective [only before noun] 1 happening or existing before, but not now → present, previous the former Soviet Union Their farm has been reduced to half its former size. ► see thesaurus at last 2 having a particular position in the past SYN ex-, → present my former husband former President Clinton 3 → in former times/years 4 → somebody/something’s former self Examples from the Corpus former • Canada is a former British colony. • Her former husband now lives in Houston. • Most of the former inmates sought refuge in his abbey, and many stayed on to help run it. • He was an adviser to former President Reagan. • Weinburger was an advisor to former president Ronald Reagan. • In the fall of 1990 we moved our baking facility from Forestville to downtown Santa Rosa, into a former tortilla factory. • Civil war raged for years in the former Yugoslavia. former2 noun 1 → the former 2 → first/second/sixth etc former Examples from the Corpus former • Steven Soderbergh, nominated as best director for both Traffic and Erin Brockovich, won for the former. • For the former, therefore, to return among the latter was not to degrade, but to promote them. From Business Dictionary for‧mer /ˈfɔːməˈfɔːrmər/ adjective [only before a noun] happening or existing in the past, but not now the former chairman of United Telecommunications Inc Origin former1 (1100-1200) forme “first” ((12-16 centuries)), from Old English forma

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Related topics: Business, Economics, Colours & sounds, Weapons, Water, Industry, Photography, Broadcasting, Construction, Trade boom1 /buːm/ ●○○ noun 1 INCREASE IN BUSINESS [singular] a quick increase of business activity OPP slump The boom has created job opportunities. boom in a sudden boom in the housing market consumer/investment/property etc boom the post-war property boom boom years/times In boom times, airlines do well. the economic boom of the 1950s The economy went from boom to bust (=from increasing to decreasing) very quickly. → boom town 2 WHEN SOMETHING IS POPULAR [singular] an increase in how popular or successful something is, or in how often it happens the disco boom of the 1970s boom in the boom in youth soccer in the U.S. → baby boom 3 SOUND [countable] a deep loud sound that you can hear for several seconds after it begins, especially the sound of an explosion or a large gun → sonic boom► see thesaurus at sound 4 BOAT [countable] a long pole on a boat that is attached to the bottom of a sail, and that you move to change the position of the sail 5 LONG POLE [countable] a) a long pole used as part of a piece of equipment that loads and unloads things b) a long pole that has a camera or microphone on the end 6 ON A RIVER/HARBOUR [countable] something that is stretched across a river or a bay to prevent things floating down or across it COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + BOOM an economic boom the post-war economic boom a property/housing boom (=a sudden increase in house prices) People made a lot of money in the 1980s property boom. a consumer/spending boom (=a sudden increase in the amount people spend) Various factors caused the consumer boom. a building/construction boom (=a sudden increase in building work) There’s been a recent construction boom in the Gulf. an investment boom the investment boom of the past few years VERBS cause/lead to a boom Tax cuts sometimes lead to an economic boom. trigger/spark a boom (=start it) The lower interest rates triggered an economic boom. fuel a boom (=add to it) The energy crisis is fuelling a boom in alternative energy. enjoy a boom Since then, China has enjoyed a remarkable boom. BOOM + NOUN the boom years/times the boom years of the late 1980s PHRASES go from boom to bust (=change from doing very well economically to doing very badly) The Mexican economy went from boom to bust very quickly. at the height of the boom They sold their house at the height of the boom. Examples from the Corpus boom • In Gwinnett County, Ga., a boom that began more than a decade ago continues with no end in sight. • A more pressing problem is Mexico's dramatic baby boom. • There were two big booms, then the cloud started forming. • a record-breaking boom in tourism • Canada enjoyed a real economic boom in the postwar years. • The fitness boom started in the 1970s. • The IT market is growing, thanks to the Internet boom. • The bias litigation boom is in large measure traceable to key changes in the Civil Rights Act of 1991. • a log boom • There was a loud boom. The chemical works was on fire. • Witnesses heard the first loud boom at 3:03 p.m. • From beginning to end, each cycle of boom and slump lasts, Kondratiev argued, for about fifty years. • The trends in prices and construction track very closely past cycles of booms and busts. • The impact of the property boom was first felt in the financial markets. • the post-war property boom • A sonic boom was heard by observers on the shore as the meteorite fell to earth. • Motorola is one of the leaders in the global technology boom. • Extend your arms Keep them well down the boom to get the rig as upright as possible. 3. • The boom years brought by Brian Little have gone. • the boom in cellular phone ownership • The boom of cannon continued for most of the day. economic boom • By the eighteenth century, an economic boom had resulted in an active type of pre-capitalism, ready to take off. • Is an economic boom an unsustainable trend? • Its appearance coincided with an economic boom and an ideological crisis. • The needy themselves, buoyed up by economic boom, have been happy to go along. • The potential economic boom has been welcomed by business leaders in Swindon. • Treatment of blacks altered slightly with the great depression of the thirties and the economic boom of the wartime forties. • Indeed, in almost every speech, he celebrates the economic boom of what he calls the Clinton-Gore administration. • Our overconsumption is fueling this economic boom, but at a heavy cost to the environment. Related topics: Colours & sounds, Trade boom2 ●○○ verb 1 [intransitive usually in progressive] if business, trade, or a particular area is booming, it is increasing and being very successful Business was booming, and money wasn’t a problem. Tourism on the island has boomed. 2 (also boom out) [transitive] to say something in a loud deep voice ‘Ladies and gentlemen, ’ his voice boomed out. 3 (also boom out) [intransitive] to make a loud deep sound Guns boomed in the distance. —booming adjective a booming economy → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus boom • Cellnet has 800,000 subscribers, and business is booming. • Coastal development and tourism are booming. • Lower marginal rates would also improve work incentives and shrink the black economy, which is said to be booming. • Tourism boomed here in the late 1990s. • Every time Peter said a word, his father would boom him. • I boomed one drive 265 yards. • A crash of thunder boomed so loudly that the floor shook. • We're happy to report that business is booming this year. Business ... booming • It has 600,000 mobile phone subscribers and business is booming. • People migrated into the villages and towns of the coalfield where business was booming. • When their businesses were booming, they could afford to pose as tough-talking entrepreneurs keen to take on the telephone companies. • Its paging business was booming, and annual operating profits broke the $ 1 billion mark. • Business is booming for an Avis franchisee in the Carolinas despite well-publicized allegations of racial discrimination against customers. • Schilling fought it, but since business was booming, he was shouted down. • Business is also booming in the Far East, though Hong Kong suffered from higher costs and increased import duties. • Or else because business was booming, the money was there, and the experiments might just possibly pay off some day. From Business Dictionary boom1 /buːm/ noun [countable, uncountable] 1 a time when business activity increases rapidly, so that the demand for goods increases, prices and wages go up, and unemployment falls a boom in the building sector After four years of economic boom, this year saw a slowing down of the economy. Government economic policy encouraged a consumer boom followed by a deep recession. A system of low taxation on land sales helped fuel a property boom. → compare slump 2 a time when activity on the stockmarket reaches a high level and share prices are very high Hopes of further interest rate cuts sparked off a shares boom yesterday. boom2 verb [intransitive] if business, trade, or the economy is booming, it is very successful and growing Since the 1980s tourism has boomed here. The company has 600,000 mobile phone subscribers and business is booming. → See Verb table Origin boom1 1. (1400-1500) → BOOM22. (1500-1600) Dutch “tree, long piece of wood” boom2 (1400-1500) From the sound

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Word family noun spoils spoil spoiler adjective spoilt/spoiled ≠ unspoilt/unspoiled verb spoil From English Dictionary - LDOCE Related topics: Voting spoil1 /spɔɪl/ ●●● S3 verb (past tense and past participle spoiled or spoilt /spɔɪlt/ British English) 1 DAMAGE [transitive] to have a bad effect on something so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful etc SYN ruin The whole park is spoiled by litter. We didn’t let the incident spoil our day. I don’t want to spoil your fun. Why do you always have to spoil everything? → spoil/ruin your appetite at appetite(1)► see thesaurus at damage 2 TREAT TOO KINDLY [transitive] to give a child everything they want, or let them do whatever they want, often with the result that they behave badly She’s an only child, but they didn’t really spoil her. His mother and sisters spoil him rotten (=spoil him very much). 3 TREAT KINDLY [transitive] to look after someone in a way that is very kind or too kind You’ll have to let me spoil you on your birthday. spoil yourself Go on, spoil yourself. Have another piece of cake. 4 DECAY [intransitive] to start to decay Food will spoil if the temperature in your freezer rises above 8°C. 5 VOTING [transitive] British English to mark a ballot paper wrongly so that your vote is not included 6 → be spoiling for a fight/argument THESAURUS spoil to have a bad effect on something so that it is much less attractive, enjoyable etc New housing developments are spoiling the countryside. The bad weather completely spoiled our holiday. ruin to spoil something completely and permanently Using harsh soap to wash your face can ruin your skin. The argument ruined the evening for me. mar written to spoil something by making it less attractive or enjoyable His handsome Arab features were marred by a long scar across his face. Outbreaks of fighting marred the New Year celebrations. detract from something to slightly spoil something that is generally very good, beautiful, or impressive The huge number of tourists rather detracts from the city’s appeal. There were a few minor irritations, but this did not detract from our enjoyment of the holiday. undermine to spoil something that you have been trying to achieve The bombings undermined several months of careful negotiations. sour to spoil a friendly relationship between people or countries The affair has soured relations between the UK and Russia. poison to spoil a close relationship completely, so that people can no longer trust each other Their marriage was poisoned by a terrible dark secret. mess something up informal to spoil something important or something that has been carefully planned If there’s any delay, it will mess up our whole schedule. → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus spoil • Our national supply of top-grade, rugged military leadership material must already be spoiled. • Most of the food in the refrigerator had spoiled. • We've been spoiled by all the good restaurants around here. • It's too bad her good looks are spoiled by her nose. • She wanted to do her own thing, but was afraid of spoiling Christmas for the rest of the family. • Oh, but it would spoil Christmas - the last Christmas Day she and Susan would have together. • We were going to get married, but then war broke out and spoiled everything. • It seemed to him that Vincent came home spoiling for a fight. • Starting a family so soon would definitely spoil her career prospects for her. • Danny was her favourite grandson and she spoiled him rotten. • This was her moment of glory, and she wasn't going to let anyone spoil it. • He really didn't like it the first time we played it, so he tried spoiling it. • Roses? You're spoiling me, Bill. • The bad weather completely spoiled our holiday. • A badly positioned path can spoil the appearance of a garden. • Down in London there was only one thing spoiling the continuing party atmosphere. • New housing developments are spoiling the countryside for everyone. • When giving positive attention, do not spoil the positive message with qualifiers. • The assassination attempt has definitely spoilt the previously positive atmosphere between the opposing parties. • This scandal could spoil the Senator's chances of becoming President. • The power station is extremely ugly, and it spoils the view of the sea. • One thoughtless comment spoiled the whole evening. • Why did you have to invite Jerry? You've spoiled the whole weekend. • His jealousy spoiled their relationship, and she left him after a few months. • He got very drunk that evening, and seemed determined to spoil things for all of us. • Don't let me spoil your plans. spoil everything • An emergency at a time like this could spoil everything. • Damn it, oh damn it, why did this war have to spoil everything? • To alter a detail would be to spoil everything. • What right had he to spoil everything? • Why did she have to appear on the scene and spoil everything? • After all this time spent waiting to be alone with Frank, how could she spoil everything by coming along? spoil ... rotten • Naturally, he spoils them rotten. • She had spoiled the child rotten. • The arrangement suits me fine and Kristian is happy because I spoil him rotten. • When I was a little kid, they spoiled me rotten. • He is surprised at how headstrong, spoiled rotten, and needful of training and discipline I have become during his absence. spoil yourself • He has spoiled Stanford and spoiled himself. • In spoiling the children they are vicariously spoiling themselves. spoil2 noun 1 → spoils 2 [uncountable] waste material such as earth and stones from a mine or hole in the ground spoil heaps Examples from the Corpus spoil • So rich was the legacy of the ancients that the fund of spoil has lasted into our own times. • Army and nation divide the spoil fifty-fifty. • At this stage we were not aware of the full significance of the movement of the spoil to form the rampart. Origin spoil (1200-1300) Old French espoillier, from Latin spoliare “to strip, rob”, from spolium; SPOILS

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Regardless of re‧gard‧less /rɪˈɡɑːdləs $ -ɑːr-/ ●●○ adverb 1 without being affected or influenced by something regardless of The law requires equal treatment for all, regardless of race, religion, or sex. 2 if you continue doing something regardless, you do it in spite of difficulties or other people telling you not to carry on/go on regardless British English (=continue what you are doing) You get a lot of criticism, but you just have to carry on regardless. Examples from the Corpus regardless • I love you, regardless. • It may rain by the end of the day, but we plan to carry on regardless. • Some actors want to play the role their way, regardless. • The rate of contribution to the pension plan is the same for all employees, regardless of age. • Nineteenth-century market records show a considerable colour range among all the cattle of Britain, regardless of breed. • The monarch would nevertheless continue to be known as King, regardless of gender. • Success is a boon to any organization, regardless of how it has been achieved. • Older women experienced higher rates of complication at delivery overall, regardless of parity. • Most surgical patients, regardless of the extent of their operation, are at risk of some degree of problem with breathing. • The ability to maintain physical and mental powers has allowed some individuals to pursue their chosen careers regardless of their age. • The mean labelling indices did not change significantly over time regardless of whether or not there were recurrences. • Many people stick with their banks regardless of whether they offer the best deal. • It would whirl on regardless to October the eleventh and beyond. regardless of • The law requires equal treatment for all, regardless of race, religion, or sex. • He does what he wants, regardless of what I say.

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drag somebody/something ↔ down phrasal verb 1 to make someone feel unhappy and weak Joe’s been ill for weeks now – it’s really dragging him down. 2 to make the price, level, or quality of something go down Declining prices for aluminium have dragged down the company’s earnings. 3 if someone or something bad drags you down, they make you become worse or get into a worse situation Don’t let them drag you down to their level. → drag→ See Verb table Examples from the Corpus drag down • A pool of light, expanding circles, merging, dragging me down. • He had set his family free from debts that dragged them down. • His fingers were beginning to uncurl, his own weight dragging him down. • Paradoxically, Anthea now threatened to become a millstone to drag him down. • The upside is freedom of action, nobody tailing your kite and dragging you down. • These guidelines keep hawa in check, for when the community is threatened, it can drag the ship down into chaos. • He also threatened to drag him down the street handcuffed to the bumper of his car. • As public confidence in his capacity to reign has plummeted, Charles' decline has dragged the monarchy down with him.

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en‧coun‧ter1 /ɪnˈkaʊntə $ -ər/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [transitive] 1 to experience something, especially problems or opposition encounter problems/difficulties They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition were injured. encounter opposition/resistance The government has encountered strong opposition to its plans to raise income tax. The doctor had encountered several similar cases in the past. Register In everyday English, people usually say come across problems/difficulties rather than encounter problems/difficulties and come up against opposition/resistance rather than encounter opposition/resistance: Did you come across any problems? We came up against quite a lot of opposition from local people. 2 formal to meet someone without planning to I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge. → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus encounter • One encounters a comparatively congenial Schoenberg here. • On the way to town, the soldiers encountered a group of white policemen and shot two of them. • Matheu's efforts to establish the clinic encountered a number of setbacks. • All three dialed up without encountering any busy signals when tested Thursday morning. • This, incidentally, could help with the problem encountered earlier of incorporating unusual crimes such as child abuse in the postclassical perspective. • An attempt by Bandai to break into the game player business has encountered even more problems. • Drivers on the M25 are likely to encounter fog and black ice tonight. • Other abbreviations are encountered in some thesauri. • It was rare that she encountered interesting people through her work. • He was a famous painter once more now, not simply a local eccentric to encounter on the beach. • If your dog encounters poison oak, do not pet it until you clean its fur. • Many of the children encountered some difficulty in learning the material. • The government has encountered strong opposition over its plans to build a new airport. • It was on that second voyage he encountered the Odonata. • He encountered the young woman as she was leaving a coffee shop. encounter problems/difficulties • But recently Julia has been encountering difficulties. • Problems of Status and Structure Volunteers who immediately assumed their permanent assignments also encountered difficulties. • Constantly he creates situations for which he can find no earthly solution and his characters encounter difficulties beyond their means to control. • Mehta -- a cousin of the celebrated Zubin -- also encounters difficulties, but keeps going. • As a school-age child, she encounters difficulties comprehending instructions. • Science and technology still accounted for the largest group of students, though recruitment for technology was encountering difficulties in Britain generally. • Whitehall officials have encountered difficulties in deciding which essential services to include. • If they buy on credit are they likely to encounter difficulties in repaying the loan? encounter2 ●○○ AWL noun [countable] 1 an occasion when you meet someone, or do something with someone you do not know She didn’t remember our encounter last summer. encounter with His first encounter with Wilson was back in 1989. Bernstein began training the young musician after a chance encounter at a concert (=a meeting that happened by chance). casual sexual encounters (=occasions when people have sex) encounter between hostile encounters between supporters of rival football teams 2 an occasion when you meet or experience something encounter with a child’s first encounter with books a close encounter with a snake (=a frightening situation in which you get too close to something) Examples from the Corpus encounter • Once before, following another encounter, a brutal and terrifying encounter, she had recognized that. • Rebelling against him and going their own way would risk another encounter with the deep. • A bus ride from New York to Miami brings encounters with all kinds of people. • A chance encounter in a restaurant led to her first movie role. • This, my first encounter with real racism came as a shock. • Brooke-Rose's engagement with feminist theory is typical of her encounter with literary theory in general. • Not all my encounters with the world of academic gamesmanship were so chilly. • He did not appear to remember our encounter last summer and just nodded when we were introduced. • These evinced no embarrassment at the encounter. • He would be no prettier after this encounter. • Then he analyzed tapes of those encounters in an acoustic laboratory at the National Zoo, set up to study bird calls. encounter with • The U.S. had won its first encounter with the North Vietnamese army. close encounter • Desert Orchid and a close encounter of the short kind. • In a close encounter last season, Gloucester pipped Northampton by 7 points to 6. • I've twice had close encounters of a nasty kind with flying lead. • We also shared a cou-ple of close encounters with danger. • The designer's close encounter of severe illness had a profound influence on his scheme. • The pain is severe and no predator would risk a second close encounter with these snakes. • Retired Willcox schoolteacher Joe Duhon has had several close encounters with the Playa, but he keeps going back. • For those unexpected close encounters, breath refresher capsules can be a real life-saver. Origin encounter1 (1200-1300) Old French encontrer, from Late Latin incontra “toward”

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``` def‧i‧cit /ˈdefɪsɪt/ ●○○ noun [countable] the difference between the amount of something that you have and the higher amount that you need → shortfall the country’s widening budget deficit the US’s foreign trade deficit deficit of a deficit of £2.5 million deficit in Many countries have a big deficit in food supply. in deficit The US balance of payments was in deficit. COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + DEFICIT huge/massive (=very big) The recession left the Government with a massive deficit. a growing deficit (=becoming bigger) Congress must slash federal spending to curb a growing deficit. a budget deficit Last year there was a budget deficit of US $70,000,000. a trade deficit (=the difference between the amount of goods a country imports and the amount it exports) Last year the country had its largest trade deficit in recent history. VERBS have a deficit We had a trade deficit of more than $4 billion. show a deficit Friday's trade figures showed a £10 billion deficit. face a deficit The party is facing a deficit of £1.3million for this year, so it must find ways of cutting its costs. reduce/cut a deficit We must drastically cut our budget deficit to sustain economic growth. eliminate a deficit (=completely get rid of it) His proposals have so far failed to eliminate the deficit. Examples from the Corpus deficit • If government does nothing, deficits expand rapidly. • The balances on their operating statements can not be called profits or losses, rather they are called surpluses or deficits. • The Chargers overcame a 13-point deficit to win 38-30. • But a spiraling deficit and weakened franc forced him to adopt austerity policies in 1983. • Quinn explains that spending on roads and other infrastructure accounts for most of the deficit. • Dole himself voted for tax hikes in 1982 and 1990 to reduce the deficit. • These are the arctic fox and hen harrier assemblages, and there are three factors that suggest this deficit may be significant. • The campaign also argues that Britain's trade deficit is unsustainable. budget deficit • Tax increases were introduced on a wide range of goods and services to help alleviate the projected budget deficit. • That and the high price of oil have rekindled inflation and widened the government's budget deficit. • The main cause of inflation was the overall public-sector budget deficit. • Nor can it be generated by easier fiscal policy because the budget deficit is already so high. • But pressure to eliminate the budget deficit, said Vest, is likely to lead to diminished help from Washington. • To keep the budget deficit down, the government proposed to sell off shares and property valued at around 1,000 million kroner. • With anticipated revenue of taka105,500 million, the budget deficit would be taka77,300 million. From Business Dictionary def‧i‧cit /ˈdefɪsɪt/ written abbreviation def noun [countable] 1an amount of money that a business has lost in a particular period of time Last year the university ran up a deficit of £17 million, but this year it has nearly succeeded in balancing the books. 2 an amount by which the money that a government spends is more than it receives in tax in a particular period The budget did less to reduce public spending and the deficit than many bankers and businessmen would have liked. The balance of payments was in deficit in 2000 and 2001, and in surplus in 2002 and 2003. → balance of payments deficit → budget deficit → current account deficit → federal deficit → trade deficit Origin deficit (1700-1800) French déficit, from Latin deficit “it lacks”, from deficere; → DEFECT1 ```

Answer 45

au‧then‧tic‧i‧ty /ˌɔːθenˈtɪsəti, -θən- $ ˌɒː-/ noun [uncountable] the quality of being real or true authenticity of Archaeological evidence may help to establish the authenticity of the statue. Examples from the Corpus authenticity • In terms of electronic records, compliance with rule 24 would effectively ensure that the issue of document authenticity had been dealt with pre-trial. • But there is no escaping authenticity when the author has taken the photos himself. • That the photograph appears iconic not only contributes an aura of authenticity, it also seems reassuringly familiar. • Art experts have questioned the painting's authenticity. • The shock of seeing these living fossils of Xinjiang first led him to question their authenticity. • Meyer, who belongs to several groups, is known for his diehard devotion to authenticity.

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fur‧ther‧more /ˌfɜːðəˈmɔː $ ˈfɜːrðərmɔːr/ ●○○ AWL adverb [sentence adverb] formal in addition to what has already been said SYN moreover He is old and unpopular. Furthermore, he has at best only two years of political life ahead of him. Examples from the Corpus furthermore • It can, furthermore, be used in the ward. • To be blunt, the Net isn't meant for kids, and furthermore, it's not a babysitter. • The monarch is, furthermore, more than merely a part of Parliament under the constitution of the United Kingdom. • The majority of Americans increased their wealth in the past decade. Furthermore, the gains were substantial. • A little religion is thought, furthermore, to be the way to reduce crime and promote a stable society. • And furthermore, what is the justification for making it?

Answer 47

sum up phrasal verb 1 to give the main information in a report, speech etc in a short statement at the end SYN summarize Gerald will open the debate and I will sum up. to sum up To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking. sum something ↔ up In your final paragraph, sum up your argument. 2 when a judge sums up or sums up the case at the end of a trial, he or she explains the main facts of the case → summing-up 3 sum something ↔ up to describe something using only a few words SYN summarize The city’s problem can be summed up in three words: too many people. 4 sum something ↔ up to show the most typical qualities of someone or something That image sums up the whole film. 5 sum somebody/something ↔ up to form a judgment or opinion about someone or something SYN assess Pat summed up the situation at a glance. 6 that (about) sums it up spoken used to say that a description of a situation is correct ‘So you want us to help you change but you don’t believe change is possible?’ ‘That about sums it up.’ → sum→ See Verb table Examples from the Corpus sum up • The Chairman's job was to introduce the speakers and to sum up at the end of the debate. • I couldn't have summed it up better. • The last section of the report sums up the arguments on both sides. • In these few words the president summed up the feelings of the whole nation. to sum up • This great work, appearing over a quarter of a century, was intended to sum up all available knowledge. • But to sum up, he is beginning to feel that lawyers have contributed significantly to the disintegration of our country. • The room seemed to sum up his life: his future seemed as bleak as this cubicle. • In Whitehall, three words came to sum up the appointments policy. • Three words to sum up the feelings of the Hereford fans on Saturday. • It is possible to sum up the Pauline arguments in terms of two directives. • Positive thought for the day On this last day I want to sum up the things we have discussed. • In trying to sum up what this Green Movement is you need to distinguish between two important polarities, or tendencies. that (about) sums it up • This was their task but that sums it up too simply. From Business Dictionary sum up phrasal verb 1[intransitive, transitive] sum something → up to give the main information about a report, speech etc in a short statement The report is 260 pages long, but its message can be summed up in three words: “Keep standards high”. To sum up, I suggest that if you are investing a sizeable amount for the first time, put it into two or three UK-based funds. 2[intransitive] when a judge sums up, he or she makes a statement at the end of a trial giving the main facts of the trial Summing up, the coroner praised the police for their investigation. → sum→ See Verb table

Answer 48

Long-term fulfillment

Answer 49

○○ adjective | sexually attracted to people of the opposite sexSYN straight, → bisexual, homosexual

Answer 50

Related topics: Computers, Painting and drawing i‧con /ˈaɪkɒn $ -kɑːn/ ●●○ noun [countable] 1 a small sign or picture on a computer screen that is used to start a particular operation To open a new file, click on the icon. 2 someone famous who is admired by many people and is thought to represent an important idea a sixties cultural icon 3 (also ikon) a picture or figure of a holy person that is used in worship in the Greek or Russian Orthodox Church —iconic /aɪˈkɒnɪk $ -ˈkɑː-/ adjective Examples from the Corpus icon • I could not open an application by selecting an icon and double-clicking. • Until his death last November, environmental icon David Brower provided an annual message of hope and inspiration. • a Swedish pop icon • Click on the report icon to open the program. • If Colonel Scott should come to claim the icon at any time please ensure that he receives my key without delay. • Neither of them had expected the icon to be so breathtaking. • Now they have the minivan as their icon, their own symbol of progress prevention. • It's from here that you get your icon movie on to the desktop. From Business Dictionary i‧con /ˈaɪkɒn-kɑːn/ noun [countable] a small sign or picture on a computer screen that is used to start a particular operation First open your File Manager by clicking on the icon. Origin icon (1500-1600) Latin Greek eikon, from eikenai “to be like”

Answer 51

one and only a) used to emphasize that someone is very famous the one and only Frank Sinatra b) used to emphasize that something is the only one of its kind I even tried my one and only French joke on them. → one