English

Question 1

syntax

Answer 1

the structure of language; how phrases, sentences, and paragraphs are put together.

Question 2

clause

Answer 2

part of a sentence that must include at least a subject and a predicate.

Question 3

independent clause/main clause

Answer 3

clause that can stand on its own.

Question 4

subordinate clause/dependent clause/relative clause

Answer 4

clause that cannot stand on its own. e.g. “which proved the defendents guilt.”

Question 5

phrase

Answer 5

a group of words that form a concept, but cannot stand alone as a sentence. e.g. “out of nowhere” and “her blue dress.”

Question 6

declarative sentence

Answer 6

the most common type of sentence, which states something (generally a fact, opinion, or an arrangement. ends with a period.)

Question 7

imperative sentence

Answer 7

type of sentence that is a command or request. subject is you although it is not always written, but rather implied

Question 8

interrogative sentence

Answer 8

type of qsentence that asks a question.

Question 9

exclamatory sentence

Answer 9

type of sentence that emphasizes a declarative or imperative statement with an exclamation point.

Question 10

simple sentence

Answer 10

type of sentence that consists of just 1 independent clause. Can have a compound subject or verb, and it can include adjectives and adverbs. Only requirement is no dependent clauses, or other independent clauses must be joined by a conjunction.

Question 11

compound sentence

Answer 11

type of sentence that contains 2 or more independent clauses. Think of it like 2 complete sentences and attaching them together either by a semicolon or one of the “fanboys” - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Question 12

complex sentence

Answer 12

type of sentence that contains one independent clause and 1 or more depdendent clauses. Linking the dependent clauses = use a subordinating conjunction (long list but some examples are after, until, because, although, since, and while)

Question 13

compound-complex sentence

Answer 13

type of sentence that contains of at least 2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause. Use compound sentence rule to start: take 2 independent clauses and connect them, then add a dependent clause to one of the independent clauses.
e.g. Since my sister returned from her trip, I’ve been trying to plan a night with her, but she’s always too busy to return my calls.

Question 14

semantics

Answer 14

deals with the meaning of words, rather than the structure

Question 15

etymology

Answer 15

the study of word origin.

Ex: English words, or words that have been adopted into the English language, that originate from the same foreign or ancient language often have similar construction.

Question 16

denotation

Answer 16

the literal definition of a word.

e.g. The tree gave a shady area to sit.

Question 17

connotation

Answer 17

implied or implicit meaning of a word. deliberate.

e.g. There was something shady about him that no one could figure out.

Question 18

Which of the following sentences uses a denotative meaning of the underlined word?
A. Don’t give me any of your lip.
B. His teacher secretly felt that he was a little thick.
C. The plot of the story had some major holes in it.
D. After much deliberation, the committee decided to shelve the idea.

Answer 18

C. It is the literal meaning of the word “plot,” and denotative meaning is literal meaning.