English Flashcards
This pattern of idea development discusses the general topic by presenting specific details that support the topic.
General to Particular
also, for example, as an example, in addition, in addition to, for instance, examples of these, first, second, third, next, on one hand, and on the other hand.
General to Particular
This pattern of idea development explains the causes or the effects of something.
Cause and Effect
if, for, since, due to, because, owing to, because of, one cause, and resulting from
Cause:
so, thus, hence, then, therefore, as a result, in effect, as consequence, consequently, leads to, one of the effects is, and that is why
Effect:
This pattern of idea development refers to the structure of presenting a side of an issue in an argumentative manner.
Claim and Counterclaim
A __________ is the writer’s stand on a topic supported by evidences and logical reasoning.
Claim
Also, the writer presents the ______ or the opposite stand of an issue to disprove it through evidences and logical reasoning.
Counterclaim
however, nevertheless, on one hand, on the other hand, admittedly,some people say, some may say, of course, nevertheless, but not only that
Claim and Counterclaim
This pattern of idea development is used when a writer identifies a problem and addresses it by presenting one or more solutions.
Problem-Solution
A______refers to the unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties.
problem
A ______on the other hand, refers to the ways in solving or minimizing the problem.
solution
because, cause, since, as a result, in order to, so that, as a solution, one way
Problem-Solution
It allows the writer to express his or her personal viewpoints about a topic to convince the readers. This pattern of idea development is based on opinions and emotions.
Persuasion
come, free, need, must, must not, necessary, latest, hurry, join, help, best, better, great, proven, trusted, create, come along, urgent, amazing experience, avail now, I believe, I urge, don’t miss, can do it, and one of a kind
Persuasion
presents the thesis statement, major topics, subtopics, and supporting details in sentence form.
Sentence Outline
These characters are used in this order in bullet formatting.
Roman Numerals (I, II, III … )
Capitalized Letters (A, B, C …)
Arabic Numerals
Lowercase Letters (a, b, c …)
presents the major topics, subtopics, and supporting details in the form of words and phrases.
Topic Outline
It is a one-sentence statement that expresses the main idea of an essay.
Thesis Statement
These refer to the major phrases/sentences which are formed from the thesis statement.
Major Topics
These refer to the minor phrases/sentences which are formed from the major topics.
Subtopics
These are phrases/sentences which provide additional information to clarify or prove the main idea.
Supporting Details
STEP 1 IN WRITING AN OUTLINE
Choose your topic and establish your purpose.
STEP 2 IN WRITING AN OUTLINE
Create and organize a list of your major topics
STEP 3 IN WRITING AN OUTLINE
Make and organize a list of your subtopics.
STEP 4 IN WRITING AN OUTLINE
Provide additional information to support your subtopics
STEP 5 IN WRITING AN OUTLINE
Review and refine the contents of your outline.
are firsthand information taken from original evidences such as reports on discoveries and events and interviews from person in authority.
Primary Sources
are secondhand information taken from the primary sources.
Secondary Sources
Diaries, letter correspondence
Original documents (birth certificate)
Interviews, speeches, oral histories
Laws, regulations, constitutions
Primary Sources
Journal articles that comment on or analyses research
Textbooks
Dictionaries and encyclopedias
Books that interpret, analyze
Secondary Sources
Government documents, statistical data, research report
Journal article reporting new research or findings
Creative art works, literature
Opinion pieces
Primary Sources
Political commentary
Biographies
Dissertations
Newspaper, editorial/columns
Criticism of literature, art works or music
Secondary Sources
