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1 AQA A Level Tudors - Henry VII > England's relations with Scotland and other foreign powers > Flashcards

England's relations with Scotland and other foreign powers Flashcards

1
Q

What were Henry’s aims in foreign policy?

A
  • To maintain good relations with European powers
  • To gain international recognition of the Tudor dynasty
  • To maintain national security
  • To defend English trading interests
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2
Q

What happened in 1487 with Brittany and France?

A
  • The French invaded the Duchy of Brittany , the last independent area within France
  • Due to the death of Duke Francis II of Brittany, no male heir, so France attempted to claim Brittainy and strip it of it’s independence
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3
Q

what happened in 1489 with Brittany and France?

A
  • Henry summoned Parliament to grant him extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French
  • Treaty of Redon- Henry agreed to support the claim of Duke Francis’ daughter, Duchesse Anne although he was conscious not to antagonise the French
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4
Q

What happened in 1491 with France and Brittany?

A
  • 6000 English volunteers were sent to Brittany
  • but Anne (fearing the futility of prolonged resistance) surrendered to the French
  • Anne would marry Charles VIII of France, ending Breton independence
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5
Q

What happened in 1492 with France and Brittany (Henry solving the issue of Anne’s surrender to France)?

A
  • Based on intelligence that Charles wanted to invade Italy than fight the English
  • Henry raised two parliamentary subsidies and invaded France with 26,000 men. The French rapidly sought peace
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6
Q

What was signed in November 1492?

A
  • The Treaty of Etaples - Charles would not assist any pretenders to the English throne
  • Received a pension of 745,000 crowns paid in annual instalments of 50,000 a year
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7
Q

Why was the Netherlands important to the English?

A
  • Ports were important for English trade
  • Particularly cloth (particularly that of Antwerp and Bruges which came under Burgundy’s jurisdiction)
  • important for commercial reasons that there were good relationships
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8
Q

Who had control of the Netherlands?

A
  • Margaret of Burgundy had married Charles who died in 1477 so she ruled as protector while the dukes title passed onto Maximillian
  • Who became the HRE in 1493 so placed his son Philip (Duke Philip IV) in control of the area
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9
Q

What was the problem with the Netherlands and who controls them?

A
  • Margaret, Maximillian and Philip supported the pretenders to Henry’s throne (Simnel and Warbeck) so relationships deteriorated
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10
Q

What did Henry do in 1493 following Margaret’s support of Perkin Warbeck?

A
  • Broke trade relations with Burgundy as he was more concerned with securing the dynasty than protecting the commercial interests of London
  • However this did harm both the English and Flemish economies
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11
Q

What did Henry VII and Philip IV agree in 1496?

A
  • The Intercursus Magnus which ended the trade embargo, restoring normal trading relations
  • Margaret recognised Henry’s position as King (after Warbeck left Burgundy this was signed)
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12
Q

Who died in 1503?

A

Margaret of Burgundy

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13
Q

What happened in 1506 (B)?

A
  • Philip and his wife Juana were blown into the English coast as they set out for Spain following Isabella’s death in 1504 - They stayed for three months and agreed two treaties
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14
Q

What two treaties did Philip and Henry agree in 1506?

A
  • Treaty of Windsor - Henry recognised Philip’s claim to Castile (and recognised him + Juana as rulers of it) and they both promised to assist eachother against rebels
  • Intercursus Malus - it was over-generous to England (demanding a stronger trading position of English Merchants in the Netherlands)
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15
Q

What further agreements were made between Philip and Henry?

A
  • Philip handed over the Yorkist Earl of Suffolk who had been sheltering in Burgundy (Henry then imprisoned him in the tower)
  • A marriage was arranged between Henry (widowed) and Philip’s sister Margaret duchess of Savoy but this came to nothing
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16
Q

Why was the trade treaty between Henry and Philip never implemented?

A
  • Philip died in September 1506 and the new Burgundian governor disapproved of the treaty
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17
Q

What treaty was signed in 1507 between England and Burgundy?

A
  • A third treaty reverting to the terms of the first Intercursus Magnus
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18
Q

In 1508 how was Henry diplomatically isolated?

A
  • By not being signatory to the League of Cambrai which was formed by the HRE, France, Spain and the Papacy
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19
Q

What was signed in 1489 with Spain? (F+I)

A
  • The treaty of Medina del Campo agreed a marriage alliance between Catherine of Aragon (F+I’s youngest daughter) and Arthur
  • They agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders and the two monarchs offered mutual protection in the event of an attack
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20
Q

What took place in 1501?(Spain\0

A

Marriage between Arthur and Catherine

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21
Q

Who died in 1502 and why was this a problem?

A
  • Arthur - made Henry anxious to propose a new marriage between Catherine and Arthur’s younger brother Henry
  • A treaty was signed in 1503 and the marriage planned for 1506
22
Q

Who died in 1504 and so what did Henry support (S)?

A
  • Isabella died so Henry supported Juana’s claim to Castile
23
Q

What happened in 1506 - Spain?

A
  • Philip’s death led Ferdinand to deprive his daughter Joanna of her inheritance.
  • The marriage between Catherine and Henry was jeopardised and didn’t take place until June 1509 after Henry VII’s death
24
Q

Between 1485 and 1495 what were English relations with Scotland like?

A
  • Tense but for the first few years of H’s reign they remained relatively friendly
25
Q

What did James IV of Scotland do between 1495 and 1496?

A
  • Supported the pretender Perkin Warbeck (he stayed for two years at Scottish court and received not only a pension but an aristocratic marriage to the King’s cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon) and provided a small army to invade England in 1496- war was threatened
26
Q

When did Scotland and England make a truce and what was it called?

A
  • 1497 - Treaty of Ayton (became a full peace treaty in 1502) as the Cornish rebellion of this year shook Henry
  • It made it evident it was in the interests of both E and S to secure am immediate truce (few miles North of the English border stronghold of Berwick upon tweed)
27
Q

What happened in 1501-1503 regarding Scotland?

A
  • It was agreed that James IV should marry Henry’s daughter Margaret
  • In 1502 this was sanctioned by a formal peace treaty (The Treaty of Perpetual Peace) and the marriage took place in 1503
  • The improvement in relations lasted until the end of H’s reign (successful in ensuring security of the dynasty)
28
Q

Who rules Ireland?

A
  • Henry rules only part of the ‘pale land’ around Dublin and the rest was ruled by independent chieftains from the descendants of the Anglo-Norman barons who had settled there in the 12 century (most important = Fitzgerald’s and Butlers)
29
Q

Who was the Earl of Kildare (Lord deputy of Ireland) and why was he a threat to Henry?

A
  • The leader of the Fitzgerald’s/ Geraldine’s

- Due to his Yorkist sympathies. He crowned Lambert Simnel king of Ireland in 1486 and supported Perkin Warbeck in 1491

30
Q

What was Henry’s response to Kildare’s actions?

A
  • Instead of relying on the established Irish aristocracy, who were cheap but unreliable, he attempted the most costly approach of rule of the ‘pale’ through an Englishman, backed by armed forces
  • He appointed his infant son (Henry) as Lieutenant of Ireland and appointed with Sir Edward Ponyings as his deputy
31
Q

What did Edward Ponyings then do and was he successful?

A
  • Initially successful in establishing royal authority by means of the threat of force and bribery
  • He got the Irish Parliament to pass the ‘Ponyings’ law’ of 1495 which declared that Irish Parliament needed the approval of the English monarch before it could pass laws(also attempted to implement English law in Ireland)
  • He also tried to subdue the Irish by force
32
Q

What was Kildare later persuaded to do and what were the consequences?

A
  • Persuaded to abandon the Yorkist cause and was reinstated in 1495
  • He served Henry loyally and secured the submission of various Irish Chieftains
  • By 1500 Henry had established a reasonable level of control and cheap authority over Ireland
  • Although H was fortunate that Kildare proved so amenable, the fact Kildare was able to use his office to rebuild his family fortunes made him eager to support his former enemy
33
Q

Who were Henry’s four children who survived childhood?

A

Arthur, Margaret, Henry, Mary

34
Q

Despite the marriage alliance of Arthur and Catherine of Aragon what caused instability to the dynasty?

A
  • Arthur’s unexpected death in 1502
  • Making Henry heir, raising the issue of what would happen if the king died when Henry was still a child - further complicated by Yorkist claimant (earl of Suffolk) gaining influence again
35
Q

For what three main reasons did Arthur’s death cause instability to the dynasty?

A
  • The new heir, Prince Henry, was still a child
  • The Yorkists had a powerful claimant in the Earl of Suffolk
  • Henry VII’s health was deteriorating
36
Q

What happened in 1504 causing further instability?

A
  • Henry’s wife Elizabeth of York died, shortly after giving birth to Katherine (who also died), meaning no more children
37
Q

Who was imprisoned during this insecure period but why was this not enough?

A
  • Earl of Suffolk was imprisoned in 1506 (after Philip and Juana had to take refuge in England and agreed to hand him over)
  • but the survival of the succession rested on the acceptance of Ministers of prince Henry
38
Q

When did Henry VII die?

A
  • Health deteriorated rapidly from Feb 1506 and he died 21st of April 1509
39
Q

What happened when Henry died?

A
  • At first no accouncement was made
  • One faction led by Richard fox and Richard Bray and supported by Margaret Beaufort sought to manipulate the terms of the succession to their advantage and position themselves around the new king
  • Kings death announced on 23rd April and the following day any troublemakers, including Empson and Dudley were arrested, symbolising new regime
40
Q

What were the two reasons for Henry wanting to raise an army against the French in 1489 and help Brittany?

A
  • His sense of obligation to the Bretons

- His fear that direct French control of Brittainy could increase a potential French threat against England

41
Q

What did Henry try to strengthen at the same time as the treaty of Redon in 1489 and how?

A
  • His position by an alliance with Maximillian
  • Maximillian had contracted a marriage-by-proxy with Anne so had no desire for the Duchy of Brittainy to fall into French hands
42
Q

Why did Anne’s marriage to Charles VIII put Henry in a difficult position?

A
  • The English army was stranded in Brittainy and it meant that Maximillian lost interest in the matter
  • Situation made worse by Perkin Warbeck seeking French backing for his claim to the English throne
43
Q

What were the problems with Medina del Campo (1489) ?

A
  • Arrangements for the royal marriage did not go smoothly
  • Ferdinand proved reluctant to allow the royal marriage to go ahead as long as Henry’s dynastic stability remained a threat to Perkin Warbeck
  • The two monarchs argued over the size of Catherine’s dowry but finally agreed in 1499
44
Q

How did the death of Arthur complicate Henry’s relations with Ferdinand?

A
  • Catherine should marry his second son, Prince Henry but Ferdinand was reluctant to agree (he had little need for an English alliance and the marriage would require a papal dispensation at a price)
  • Henry chose to support Juana
  • Juana and her husband Philip of Burgundy set sail for Spain in Jan 1506 but forced to take refuge in England when their ship wrecked at sea
45
Q

Why did Philip of Burgundy’s death soon after his arrival in Spain prove disastrous for Henry?

A
  • Juana (in her grief) was described by her father Ferdinand as having gone mad
  • This gave Ferdinand the opportunity once more to become regent of Castile
  • Left Henry diplomatically isolated as once again he had been diplomatically outsmarted by a major European monarch
  • Ferdinand ensured that the marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine would not take place in Henry VII’s lifetime
46
Q

What were the outcomes of James IV encouraging Warbeck to enter England with an army?

A
  • The army was small and spent little time in England as it received no support from the people of Northumberland and quickly retreated back over the party when they got word that an English force was making its way north from Newcastle
  • The attempt at invasion lead to Henry raising a larger army to launch an invasion of Scotland (had important political repercussions- prompted tax rebellion next year
47
Q

What were Anglo-Scottish relations like from 1498 onwards and what was the outcome?

A
  • They were significantly improved and because of this, James no longer had any diplomatic use for Warbeck who had become tiresome, Warbeck was executed in 1499
48
Q

What was Henry’s problem with the strategy of using Ponyings and what was the outcome?

A
  • It was too expensive and the financial problems were made worse when Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495 and amassed a force which besieged the town of Waterford
  • Henry (who was short of money due to threat of invasion from the Scots) was forced to recall Ponyings and once again had to depend on the cheap option of using Kildare as his deputy
49
Q

Before Henry VII’s death who was there a growing split between and who were there still fears about?

A
  • Council Learned (Empson and Dudley) and some of Henry’s other advisors ( especially Bishop Fox and Sir Thomas Lovell) who were looking to position themselves effectively for when Henry’s health failed
    Still fears about Suffolk and his brother (Richard de la Pole), also fears Duke of Buckingham, descendant of Edward III might attempt to seize the throne
50
Q

What was the importance of marriage alliances?

A
  • Enhance their power and influence but particularly important to Henry help bring about dynastic security e.g. alliance with Spain through Catherine marriage and Margaret + James marriage
  • In Henry VIII reign, Henry VIIs daughter Mary would marry Louis XII, king of France to ensure peaceful relations
  • Henry also attempted to re-enter marriage market after death of E with Castile, Aragon, France and the HRE alliances all considered but came to nothing
51
Q

Was Henry’s FP successful?

A
  • Mainly avoided expensive wars
  • After the death of E and A - he was able to manipulate the international situation to enhance his security
  • Luck played a role in diplomatic affairs e.g. the death of Isabella of Castile in 1504 led to Henry being dangerously isolated but he responded skilfully to changing circumstances
  • Achieved aim of dynastic security

1 AQA A Level Tudors - Henry VII (8 decks)

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