England's relations with Scotland and other foreign powers Flashcards
What were Henry’s aims in foreign policy?
To maintain good relations with European powers
To gain international recognition of the Tudor dynasty
To maintain national security
To defend English trading interests
What happened in 1487 with Brittany and France?
The French invaded the Duchy of Brittany , the last independent area within France
The death of Duke Francis II of Brittany, without a male heir provided the excuse so France attempted to claim Brittainy and strip it of it’s independence (time when women couldn’t rule)
what happened in 1489 with Brittany and France?
Henry summoned Parliament to grant him extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French
Treaty of Redon- Henry agreed to support the claim of Duke Francis’ young daughter, Duchesse Anne (who would pay for a small English army to defend Brittainy) although he was conscious not to antagonise the French
What happened in 1491 with France and Brittany?
6000 English volunteers were sent to Brittany but Anne (fearing the futility of prolonged resistance) surrendered to the French - it was arranged that Anne would marry Charles VIII of France, ending Breton independence
What happened in 1492 with France and Brittany (Henry solving the issue of Anne’s surrender to France)?
Based on intelligence that Charles was more interested in invading Italy than fighting the English henry raised two parliamentary subsidies and invaded France with 26,000 men. The French rapidly sought peace
What was signed in November 1492?
The Treaty of Etaples - Charles agreed that he would no longer assist any pretenders to the English throne - Henry also received a pension of 745,000 crowns paid in annual instalments of 50,000 a year as compensation for the expense of having a recruited an army for invasion - and this was 5% of Henry’s annual income
(Dynastic +national interests + increased finance )
Why was the Netherlands important to the English?
Its’ ports were important for English trade- particularly cloth (particularly that of Antwerp and Bruges which came under Burgundy’s jurisdiction) so important for commercial reasons that there were good relationships
Who had control of the Netherlands?
Had been under the control of Burgundy as Margaret of Burgundy had married Charles who died in 1477 so she ruled as protector while the dukes Title passed onto Maximillian who became the HRE in 1493 so placed his son Philip (Duke Philip IV) in control of the area - Margaret was the leading upholder of the Yorkist cause)
What was the problem with the Netherlands and who controls them?
Margaret, Maximillian and Philip supported the pretenders to Henry’s throne (Simnel and Warbeck) so relationships deteriorated
What did Henry do in 1493 following Margaret’s support of Perkin Warbeck?
Broke trade relations with Burgundy as he was more concerned with securing the dynasty than protecting the commercial interests of London, however this did harm both the English and Flemish economies
(brought his objectives of securing dynasty and encouraging trade into conflict with eachother - the decision was unpopular with London and east-coast merchants who’s interests were sacrificed )
What did Henry VII and Philip IV agree in 1496?
The intercursus magnus which ended the trade embargo, restoring normal trading relations and Margaret recognised Henry’s position as King (after Warbeck left Burgundy this was signed)
Who died in 1503?
Margaret of Burgundy
What happened in 1506 (B)?
Philip and his wife Juana were blown into the English coast as they set out for Spain following Isabella’s death in 1504 - they stayed for three months and agreed two treaties
What two treaties did Philip and Henry agree in 1506?
Treaty of Windsor - Henry recognised Philip’s claim to Castile (and recognised him + Juana as rulers of it) and they both promised to assist eachother against rebels
A trade treaty was also agreed (became known as Intercursus Malus) it was over generous to England (demanding a stronger trading position of English Merchants in the Netherlands)
What further agreements were made between Philip and Henry?
Philip handed over the Yorkist Earl of Suffolk who had been sheltering in Burgundy (Henry then imprisoned him in the tower)
A marriage was arranged between Henry (widowed) and Philip’s sister Margaret duchess of Savoy but this came to nothing
Why was the trade treaty between Henry and Philip never implemented?
Philip died in September 1506 and the new Burgundian governor disapproved of the treaty
What treaty was signed in 1507 between England and Burgundy?
A third treaty reverting to the terms of the first intercursus magnus
In 1508 how was Henry diplomatically isolated?
By not being signatory to the League of Cambrai which was formed by the HRE, France, Spain and the Papacy
What was signed in 1489 with Spain? (F+I)
The treaty of Medina del Campo agreed a marriage alliance between Catherine of Aragon (F+I’s youngest daughter) and Arthur, they agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders and the two monarchs offered mutual protection in the event of an attack
What took place in 1501?(Spain\0
Marriage between Arthur and Catherine
Who died in 1502 and why was this a problem?
Arthur - made Henry anxious to propose a new marriage between Catherine and Arthur’s younger brother Henry , a treaty was signed in 1503 and the marriage planned for 1506
Who died in 1504 and so what did Henry support (S)?
Isabella died so Henry supported Juana’s claim to Castile
What happened in 1506 - Spain?
Philip’s death led Ferdinand to deprive his daughter Joanna of her inheritance. The marriage between Catherine and Henry was jeopardised and didn’t take place until June 1509 after Henry VII’s death
Between 1485 and 1495 what were English relations with Scotland like?
Tense but for the first few years of H’s reign they remained relatively friendly
What did James IV of Scotland do between 1495 and 1496?
Supported the pretender Perkin Warbeck (he stayed for two years at Scottish court and received not only a pension but an aristocratic marriage to the King’s cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon) and provided a small army to invade England in 1496- war was threatened
When did Scotland and England make a truce and what was it called?
1497 - Treaty of Ayton (became a full peace treaty in 1502) as the Cornish rebellion of this year shook Henry and made it evident it was in the interests of both E and S to secure am immediate truce (few miles North of the English border stronghold of Berwick upon tweed)
What happened in 1501-1503 regarding Scotland?
It was agreed that James IV should marry Henry’s daughter Margaret
In 1502 this was sanctioned by a formal peace treaty (The Treaty of Perpetual Peace) and the marriage took place in 1503
The improvement in relations lasted until the end of H’s reign (successful in ensuring security of the dynasty)
Who rules Ireland?
Henry rules only part of the ‘pale land’ around Dublin and the rest was ruled by independent chieftains from the descendants of the Anglo-Norman barons who had settled there in the 12 century (most important = Fitzgerald’s and Butlers)
Who was the Earl of Kildare (Lord deputy of Ireland) and why was he a threat to Henry?
The leader of the Fitzgerald’s/ Geraldine’s
Due to his Yorkist sympathies. He crowned Lambert Simnel king of Ireland in 1486 and supported Perkin Warbeck in 1491
What was Henry’s response to Kildare’s actions?
Instead of relying on the established Irish aristocracy, who were cheap but unreliable, he attempted the most costly approach of rule of the ‘pale’ through an Englishman, backed by armed forces
He appointed his infant son (Henry) as Lieutenant of Ireland and appointed with Sir Edward Ponyings as his deputy
What did Edward Ponyings then do and was he successful?
Initially successful in establishing royal authority by means of the threat of force and bribery
He got the Irish Parliament to pass the ‘Ponyings’ law’ of 1495 which declared that Irish Parliament needed the approval of the English monarch before it could pass laws(also attempted to implement English law in Ireland)
He also tried to subdue the Irish by force
What was Kildare later persuaded to do and what were the consequences?
Persuaded to abandon the Yorkist cause (having decided there was no benefit in supporting it) and was reinstated in 1495
He served Henry loyally and secured the submission of various Irish Chieftains
By 1500 Henry had established a reasonable level of control and cheap authority over Ireland
Although H was fortunate that Kildare proved so amenable, the fact Kildare was able to use his office to rebuild his family fortunes made him eager to support his former enemy
Who were Henry’s four children who survived childhood?
Arthur, Margaret, Henry, Mary
Despite the marriage alliance of Arthur and Catherine of Aragon what caused instability to the dynasty?
Arthur’s unexpected death in 1502 (he had had the education of the Prince and was set up with his own court in Shropshire)
Making Henry heir, raising the issue of what would happen if the king died when Henry was still a child - further complicated by Yorkist claimant (earl of Suffolk) gaining influence again
For what three main reasons did Arthur’s death cause instability to the dynasty?
The new heir, Prince Henry, was still a child
The Yorkists had a powerful claimant in the Earl of Suffolk
Henry VII’s health was deteriorating
What happened in 1504 causing further instability?
Henry’s wife Elizabeth of York died, shortly after giving birth to Katherine (who also died), meaning no more children
Who was imprisoned during this insecure period but why was this not enough?
Earl of Suffolk was imprisoned in 1506 (after Philip and Juana had to take refuge in England and agreed to hand him over) but the survival of the succession rested on the acceptance of Ministers of prince Henry
When did Henry VII die?
Health deteriorated rapidly from Feb 1506 and he died 21st of April 1509
What happened when Henry died?
At first no accouncement was made One faction led by Richard fox and Richard Weston (his friend from the privy chamber) and supported by Margaret Beaufort sought to manipulate the terms of the succession to their advantage and position themselves around the new king
Kings death announced on 23rd April and the following day any troublemakers, including Empson and Dudley were arrested, symbolising new regime
What were the two reasons for Henry wanting to raise an army against the French in 1489 and help Brittany?
His sense of obligation to the Bretons
His fear that direct French control of Brittainy could increase a potential French threat against England
What did Henry try to strengthen at the same time as the treaty of Redon in 1489 and how?
His position by an alliance with Maximillian (the HRE- elect) - A widower, Maximillian had contracted a marriage-by-proxy (one or both the individuals being untied is not physically present, usually represented by another person) with Anne so had no desire for the Duchy of Brittainy to fall into French hands
Why did Anne’s marriage to Charles VIII put Henry in a difficult position?
The English army was stranded in Brittainy and it meant that Maximillian lost interest in the matter
Situation made worse by Perkin Warbeck seeking French backing for his claim to the English throne
What were the problems with Medina del Campo (1489) ?
Arrangements for the royal marriage did not go smoothly
Ferdinand proved reluctant to allow the royal marriage to go ahead as long as Henry’s dynastic stability remained a threat to Perkin Warbeck
The two monarchs argued over the size of Catherine’s dowry
Details of marriage finally agreed in 1499
How did the death of Arthur complicate Henry’s relations with Ferdinand?
He immediately suggested that Catherine should marry his second son, Prince Henry but Ferdinand was reluctant to agree (he had little need for an English alliance and the marriage would require a papal dispensation, which could be arranged, but at a price
In 1504 Henry lost his enthusiasm for the marriage when the death of I made F a less significant political figure and during the following succession struggle between F and Juana (I’s sister), Henry chose to support Juana
Juana and her husband Philip of Burgundy set sail for Spain in Jan 1506 but forced to take refuge in England when their ship wrecked at sea
Why did Philip of Burgundy’s death soon after his arrival in Spain prove disastrous for Henry?
Juana (in her grief) was described by her father Ferdinand as having gone mad
This gave Ferdinand the opportunity once more to become regent of Castile
Left Henry diplomatically isolated as once again he had been diplomatically outsmarted by a major European monarch
Ferdinand ensured that the marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine would not take place in Henry VII’s lifetime
What were the outcomes of James IV encouraging Warbeck to enter England with an army?
The army was small and spent little time in England as it received no support from the people of Northumberland and quickly retreated back over the party when they got word that an English force was making its way north from Newcastle
The attempt at invasion lead to Henry raising a larger army to launch an invasion of Scotland (had important political repercussions- prompted tax rebellion next year
What were Anglo-Scottish relations like from 1498 onwards and what was the outcome?
They were significantly improved and because of this, James no longer had any diplomatic use for Warbeck who had become tiresome, Warbeck was executed in 1499
What was Henry’s problem with the strategy of using Ponyings and what was the outcome?
It was too expensive and the financial problems were made worse when Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495 and amassed a force which besieged the town of Waterford
Henry (who was short of money due to threat of invasion from the Scots) was forced to recall Ponyings and once again had to depend on the cheap option of using Kildare as his deputy
Before Henry VII’s death who was there a growing split between and who were there still fears about?
Those officials who were particularly associated with the Council Learned (Empson and Dudley) and some of Henry’s other advisors ( especially Bishop Fox and Sir Thomas Lovell) who were looking to position themselves effectively for when Henry’s health failed
Still fears about Suffolk and his brother (Richard de la Pole), also fears Duke of Buckingham, descendant of Edward III might attempt to seize the throne
What was the importance of marriage alliances?
All monarchs did it to enhance their power and influence but particularly important to Henry help bring about dynastic security e.g. alliance with Spain through Catherine marriage and Margaret + James marriage
In Henry VIII reign, Henry VIIs daughter Mary would marry Louis XII, king of France to ensure peaceful relations
Henry also attempted to re-enter marriage market after death of E with Castile, Aragon, France and the HRE alliances all considered but came to nothing (partly as princesses reluctant to marry H and party as H lost interest in remarriage)
Was Henry’s FP successful?
Mainly avoided expensive wars
After the death of E and A - he was able to manipulate the international situation to enhance his security
Luck played a role in diplomatic affairs e.g. the death of Isabella of Castile in 1504 led to Henry being dangerously isolated but he responded skilfully to changing circumstances
Achieved aim of dynastic security
