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British Empire and Migration > England and France > Flashcards

England and France Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Norman era begin in England?

A

1066, with the invasion of William the Conqueror (William of Normandy).

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2
Q

What was Normandy?

A

A northern area of France.

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3
Q

Which Viking ruler took over the north of France and when?

A

Rollo, in the mid-800s.

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4
Q

What did the French do to establish peace between France and the Vikings?

A

Paid them to retreat.

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5
Q

When did Edward the Confessor die?

A

1066.

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6
Q

Who were the three claimants to the English throne after Edwards death?

A
  • Harold Godwinson (an Englishman)
  • Harald Hardrada (A Viking King related to Cnut)
  • William of Normandy (a Norman Duke)
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7
Q

What happened at the Battle of Stamford Bridge?

A

Harold Godwinson and Harald Hardrada fought.
Harold Godwinson was successful in defeating, and killing, Harald Hardrada, therefore ending any Viking claims to the English throne.

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8
Q

What happened at the Battle of Hastings.

A

William of Normandy invaded and Harold Godwinson was defeated.

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9
Q

Who became the new King of England in 1066?

A

William of Normandy (he was also still the Duke of Normandy).

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10
Q

When did William’ son, Henry I, become King of England?

A

1100.

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11
Q

When did Henry I die?

A

1135.

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12
Q

Who did Henry I appoint as queen after his death?

A

His daughter, Matilda.

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13
Q

What did Henry I do before his death?

A

He appointed an important marriage between Matilda and Geoffrey, the Count of Anjou.

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14
Q

What was Anjou?

A

A region in France.

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15
Q

When did Matilda’s cousin, Stephen, become King?

A

In 1135.

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16
Q

Who was Matilda’s and Geoffrey’s son?

A

Henry of Anjou.

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17
Q

When did Henry II (Henry of Anjou) become king?

A

1154 - he was the first Angevin King of England.

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18
Q

When did Henry II marry Eleanor of Aquitaine?

A

1152.

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19
Q

What regions of France was Henry now interested in (controlled)?

A
  • Normandy
  • Anjou
  • Aquitaine
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20
Q

When did Henry II invade Ireland?

A

1171.

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21
Q

How long did Henry II stay in Ireland and what did he do?

A

He stayed for six months and tried to establish Angevin authority by building castles.

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22
Q

What was the Treaty of Windsor?

A

Henry II and the High King of Ireland signed a treaty that allowed Henry II to rule a portion of land in the East coast called ‘The Pale’.

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23
Q

When was the Treaty of Windsor signed?

A

1175.

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24
Q

How many sons did Henry II have?

A

Four sons.

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25
Q

Who were Henry II’s four sons?

A
  • Henry III
  • Richard
  • Geoffery II
  • John
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26
Q

What did Henry II decide to do with his inheritance?

A

Divide it between his four sons.

27
Q

What parts of the British Empire did he give each son?

A
  • England and Normandy were given to Henry.
  • Aquitaine was given to Richard.
  • Brittany was given to Geoffery.
  • Ireland was given to John.
28
Q

What problems did splitting Henry’s inheritance create?

A

It created tension between the four son’s and their father; Henry’s sons even rebelled against him in an attempt to control more land.

29
Q

What did Henry II set up in England during his rule?

A

Courts to give people a fair trial and improve the English justice system.

30
Q

When did Henry II die?

A

1189.

31
Q

Which son took over the throne after Henry II’s death?

A

Richard.

32
Q

What was Richard known as?

A

Richard the Lionheart.

33
Q

How did Richard gain glory?

A

He joined the Third Crusade - this was a holy war which was an attempt to capture Jerusalem for Christianity.

34
Q

Who schemed against Richard while he was away fighting with the Third Crusade?

A

His younger brother, John.

35
Q

When did Richard die?

A

In 1199.

36
Q

What happened when John became King?

A

He entered a war with France in which he lost control over Normandy to France.

37
Q

When did England lose Normandy?

A

In 1204.

38
Q

How was the loss of Normandy humiliating for John and the English?

A

England had been tied to Normandy since 1066, making John seem weak.

39
Q

Other than the loss of Normandy, how else was John unpopular?

A

He imposed heavy taxes on the English to fund the war with France.

40
Q

What was the Magna Carta?

A

A document that the English Baron’s forced John to sign in rebellion to the heavy taxes, which made him accept limitations on his power.

41
Q

When was the Magna Carta signed?

A

1215.

42
Q

When did France attempt to invade England?

A

1216.

43
Q

For how long did France occupy England?

A

From 1216 to 1217.

44
Q

What did the English do when the French invaded in 1216?

A

The English people united to force the French invaders out of England.
This was important because it helped develop English identity in the face of an enemy attack.

45
Q

From which years did The Hundred Years’ War last?

A

From 1337 to 1453

46
Q

What was The Hundred Years’ War?

A

A war between English and French kings over the right to rule land in France.

47
Q

After the invasion of Normandy in 1204, and the decline of English-ruled land in France, which region was still left under England’s control?

A

Aquitaine.

48
Q

When did Edward III become King?

A

1327.

49
Q

What did Edward III vow to do when he became King?

A

He vowed to reclaim land and glory in France.

50
Q

When and why did Edward III declare war?

A

He declared war in 1337 when the King of France, Philip VI attempted to take Aquitaine from the English.

51
Q

What happened in the Battle of Crecy?

A
  • Edward III tried to reclaim Normandy.
  • Edward’s army of 15’000 men was small compared to Philip’s, however, effective use of cannons and longbows secure victory for Edward.
  • Calais was captured, which remained a symbol of English power in France for the next 200 years.
52
Q

When did the Battle of Crecy happen?

A

1346.

53
Q

What happened in the Battle of Poitiers?

A
  • English used longbows to shoot down the horses of the French cavalry.
  • As the Frenchmen fell to the ground, they were killed in the thousands by the English.
54
Q

When did the Battle of Poitiers happen?

A

1356.

55
Q

When did Henry V come into power?

A

1413.

56
Q

When was the Battle of Agincourt?

A

1415.

57
Q

What happened in the Battle of Agincourt?

A
  • Henry’s army totalled at around 6’000 men, compared to the French army which totalled at around 24’000.
  • Henry ordered his men to stay back while his archers shot at the horses of the French cavalry that charged towards them - Henry’s skill in battle helped them win.
  • Many of the French cavalries got stuck in the mud.
58
Q

When did Henry V die?

A

1422.

59
Q

What happened after Henry V’s death?

A

The English lost momentum and began to suffer a series of defeats.

60
Q

What happened in 1429?

A

English suffered a humiliating defeat by the French in the siege of Orleans.

61
Q

Who lost The Hundred Years’ War?

A

England (In 1453).

62
Q

How did The Hundred Years’ War affect English identity?

A
  • English victories fuelled a sense of pride among the English.
  • Henry V was also a powerful King, which helped fuel English pride and identity.
63
Q

When did England lose control over Calais?

A

In 1558 - France captured it during Mary I’s reign.

64
Q

What did the loss of Calais mean to England?

A

It seemed that any hope of English influence in France was completely over.

British Empire and Migration (9 decks)

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