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Year 11 > Engineering Studies > Flashcards

Engineering Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s 3 Laws

A
  1. A body will remain at rest or at constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
  2. F = ma
  3. every action has an equal and opposite reaction
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1
Q

Strength of a material

A

The ability to withstand applied loads without failure. Strength varies according to the type of load, tensile, compressive, shear or torsional

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2
Q

Hardness of a material

A

ability to resist scratching, abrasion, and indentation.

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3
Q

Elasticity of a material

A

the ability to resist elastic deformation under load. measured using Young’s modulus

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4
Q

Plasticity of a material

A

the ability to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without rupture.

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5
Q

Malleability of a material

A

the ability to be hammered and rolled into thin sheets

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6
Q

Ductility of a material

A

ability to be drawn out into thin wire

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7
Q

Fatigue of a material

A

tendency to break when subjected to repeated cyclic loading where the induced stress is well below the elastic limit

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8
Q

Notch toughness

A

amount of energy required to cause failure

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9
Q

porosity

A

amount of voids or pores that a material has

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10
Q

Moisture content

A

amount of moisture present in the structure of a material

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11
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

ability of a material to conduct heat

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12
Q

ability of a material to conduct heat

A

determined by melting point of a material, and how stable it is at elevated temperatures

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13
Q

Electrical conductivity

A

ability to conduct electricity

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14
Q

What are semiconductors

A

materials manufactured to be poor conductors. they allow small amounts of current to flow through them and are the basis for most modern electrical components

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15
Q

What is magnetism

A

result of unpaired electrons in metals

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16
Q

Diamagnetic magnetism

A

found in materials that are ionic and molecular materials

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17
Q

Paramagnetic magnetism

A

found in materials with a single valence electron

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18
Q

Ferromagnetic magnetism

A

found in materials which have large amounts of unpaired electrons and can become permanent magnets

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19
Q

Atomic Structure

A

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

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20
Q

Ionic bonding

A

involves the transfer of one or more electrons. donor loses its valence electron while recipient fills outer shell. Imbalance of charge cause them to attract each other

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21
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

atoms share valence electrons so at any one time each atom has a full outer shell. Act as insulators due to lack of free electrons

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22
Q

Metallic Bonding

A

Valence electrons condense to form a ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of electrons. As a result atoms become positive ions. Ions then repel each other but kept in place by the attraction to the electron cloud. Bond has free electrons, therefore good electrical conductors

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23
Q

Van der Waal’s forces

A

fluctuating dipoles as result of uneven distribution of charges in covalent compounds causing a slightly positive and slightly negative end

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24
Q

Polymorphism

A

materials that can exist in more than one crystal structure

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25
Q

BCC

A

body centred cubic. High strength, toughness and ductility

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26
Q

FCC

A

face centred cubic. excellent conductivity and ductility. used for jewellery and electrical wiring

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27
Q

HCP

A

Hexagonal close-packed

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28
Q

Amorphous

A

Non-crystalline materials

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28
Q

Ferrous Metals and alloys

A

metals and alloys where iron is the primary constituent

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29
Q

Stainless Steel

A

Ferrous Alloys with at least 10% chromium added. the chromium reacts with oxygen to form a chromium oxide layer that prevents the ferrous alloy from corroding further.

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30
Q

Non-ferrous metals and alloys

A

Metals and alloys in which iron is not the main constituent

31
Q

Copper

A

Non-ferrous metal is used extensively in electrical fields due to its high electrical conductivity. High ductility, malleability and good corrosion resistance. Used in electrical wiring, electrical contacts and the wiring in electric motor armatures and rotors.

32
Q

Brass

A

an alloy of copper and zinc. All brasses are corrosion-resistant and are used in electrical appliances as switch gears and contacts. Brass is harder than copper and hence more wear-resistant in certain applications.

33
Q

Aluminium bronzes

A

exhibit excellent corrosion properties at room temperature and good wearing properties

34
Q

Aluminium

A

low density and excellent corrosion resistance. However, it has low strength and as such is usually used in alloyed form. Due to its low density it usually offers strength-to-weight ratios better than most ferrous alloys.

35
Q

Casting

A

A forming process that involves heating up a material and placing it into a mould. They can be made out of permanent moulds made of metal or expendable moulds of sand

36
Q

Die Casting

A

Uses permanent moulds and is extensively used for non-ferrous alloy casting

37
Q

Sand Casting

A

is used for a lot of ferrous alloy casting

38
Q

Investment Casting, also known as lost wax casting

A

making a pattern of the object in a way, creating a mould around this, and then melting out the wax to leave a cavity to receive the molten metal

39
Q

Rolling

A

Metal is passed through rollers to achieve different thicknesses and cross-sections of the metal. Rolling can be done at high temperatures (hot rolling) or only slightly elevated temperatures (cold rolling)

40
Q

Hot rolling

A

hot rolling is easier to do and the resulting bar is unstressed by the deformation but they are less dimensionally accurate and covered in scale, and oxide that forms at the elevated temperature.

41
Q

Cold rolling

A

cold rolling is harder to do and the final metal’s structure will be stressed and deformed, but it will have a better surface finish and be more dimensionally accurate.

42
Q

Extruding

A

may be likened to squeezing toothpaste from a tube. the final structure will take the form of the die through which the metal is passed

43
Q

Spot Welding

A

Pressure process. Electric current melts metal sheets under pressure joining it in ‘spots’

44
Q

Butt Welding

A

Pressure process. Metal is butted together at the ends and current melts the metal

45
Q

Seam welding

A

Pressure process. Metal is moved through rotating wheels that pass electric current into the metal, melting it, then joining it

46
Q

Oxy-acetylene welding

A

Fusion process. Metal is melted by oxy-acetylene flame and a filler metal is added.

47
Q

Bronze welding

A

Fusion / alloying process. A flame heats the parent metal and bronze filler metal is added to the joint.

48
Q

Electric arc welding

A

Fusion process. Metal is melted by an electrode, which is also the filler metal. The electrode is covered in a flux to prevent oxidation of the weld metal.

49
Q

Metal inert gas (MIG) welding

A

fusion process. Uses continuous feed wire to facilitate quicker welding. Flux is replaced by an inert gas that protects the weld metal from oxidation when molten.

50
Q

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding

A

Similar to MIG, TIG ( tungsten Inert gas) replaces the continuous feed wire with a tungsten electrode and a filler rod fed by the operator.

51
Q

Plasma arc welding

A

A gas, such as argon, is passed through an electric arc. The gas ionises electrons and positive ions which is plasma. The ions recombine to form a hot flame.

52
Q

Soft soldering

A

tin-lead alloy to join to join two pieces of metal together

53
Q

A flux

A

the resin in the centre of soldering wire to ‘wet’ the joint and chemically clean it.

54
Q

Brazing

A

Brazing uses a brass that is melted onto a ferrous metal at around temperatures of 860 degrees. A flux must be used.

55
Q

Silver Soldering

A

similar to brazing, but the joining material contains silver. Usually melts around 620-750 degrees. A flux must be used.

56
Q

Mechanical jointing

A

the use of bolts and nuts, screws, studs and rivets to fasten metals together

57
Q

Fabricating

A

the process of assembling an item from various components

58
Q

Different cutting methods

A

turning, grinding, sawing, drilling, boring, reaming, interior grinding, shaping, milling

59
Q

Polymers

A

aka plastics. usually covalently bonded so are good insulators of electricity and heat but are weak and have low temperature stability

60
Q

Monomers

A

Smaller molecules that form polymers by linking them together

61
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

two or more monomers that are all the same link together to form the polymer. monomers must be same

62
Q

Co-polymers

A

Polymers made through addition polymerisation using different monomers

63
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

monomers join together and form a by-product

64
Q

Difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

A

during addition polymerisation all monomers are used to create resultant polymer whereas condensation polymerisation condense the monomers to form a by-product as well.

65
Q

Thermoplastics

A

Polymers that can re-softened by the application of heat. Usually addition polymerisation with covalent bonds but only weak secondary bonds (van der Waal’s forces) between the chains

66
Q

Thermosets

A

polymers that cannot be re-softened by heating. Thermosets have a stronger network structure that has better rigidity and less elasticity than thermoplastics.

67
Q

Difference between thermosets and thermoplastics

A

Thermoplastics have weak secondary bonds so it can be changed when heat is applied while thermosets are only made of rigid covalent bonds.

68
Q

Ceramics

A

High electrical insulation, stability at elevated temperatures thermal insulation properties and resistance to chemicals make them useful applications

69
Q

Clay body ceramics

A

Porcelain and China. Produced by moulding wet clay to the required shape, then set at fixed temperature to allow material to cement.

70
Q

Glass

A

Better hardness compared to polymers but more expensive. Gorilla Glass is a proprietary glass product used for smartphones

71
Q

Refractories

A

materials that display stability at very high temperatures. most oftenly ceramics

72
Q

Composites

A

materials that are made from different materials combined together in a way to improve the properties of the component. eg galvanised steel is steel coated with zinc to stop corrosion

73
Q

Timber

A

a natural composite that is composed of cellulose fibres. Excellent specific strength and reasonable performance in bending but is affected by the weather and is prone to attack from pests.

74
Q

Concrete

A

composite that consists of cement, sand and aggregate. Sand fills gaps between the larger aggregate particles and the cement acts as a binder that holds it together

75
Q

Fibre reinforced polymers

A

Polymers that have some fibre added to improve their rigidity and impact resistance. Glass and carbon fibre in polyester or epoxy resins are examples of this.

76
Q

Specific strength

A

the strength to weight ratio of an object

Year 11 (1 decks)

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