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engineering 2024 > Engineering > Flashcards

Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

Scalar

A

Quantities which have size but no direction.

e.g. $40, 60 seconds, 3kg

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2
Q

force vector quantity (4 properties).

A

Magnitude: Strength or intensity of the force (measured in N or lbf).

Sense: Orientation in which the force is applied. (arrow)

Direction: The orientation in which the vector points. (acute angle of horizontal)

Point of Application: Specific location where the force is exerted on an object.

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3
Q

co-linear force

A

The line of action of all the forces acts along the same line.

Example: Tug of war

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4
Q

concurrent force

A

Multiple forces applied to a single point and intersect at the one point.

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5
Q

Co-planar force.

A

Forces acting in the same plane or on the same two-dimensional surface.

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6
Q

four type of beam supports.

A

Fixed

Roller

Pin

Simple Support

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7
Q

Describe what a fixed beam support does

A

Offers resistance against vertical and horizontal movement as well as rotation.

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8
Q

Describe what a Roller beam support does

A

Provides vertical support while allowing horizontal movement, but prevents rotation.

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9
Q

Describe what a Pin beam support does

A

Allows rotation but restrains horizontal and vertical movement.

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10
Q

Describe what a Cantilever beam support does

A

A cantilever beam fixed at one end and free at the other is a structural element that offers support against vertical loads and moments at its fixed end while allowing rotation and limited lateral movement at its free end.

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11
Q

Define equilibrium in relation to structures.

A

When all forces or moments acting upon it are balanced.

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12
Q

What is a moment?

A

Also known as torque, is a measure of the rotational force applied to an object about a specific point.

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13
Q

How do you calculate a moment?

A

= force x perpendicular distance from pivot (M = fd)

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14
Q

What are the types of bridges?

A

Beam, Arch, Suspension, Cable-Stayed, Truss

BASCT

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14
Q

Describe a truss structure

A

A truss is a rigid framework with internal members that are connected in a triangular pattern.

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15
Q

Identify the typical component parts of a truss bridge

A
  • Top Chord and Bottom Chord
  • Deck
  • Vertical
  • Diagonal
  • End post
  • Hip vertical
  • Support (abutment)
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16
Q

Types of truss bridges

A

Warren /\/\/\
Pratt \ \ / /
Howe / / \ \

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17
Q

What is compression ?

A

A type of force or stress that tends to shorten or squeeze an object along its axis.

It occurs when external forces push or press against the object’s structure, causing its particles or components to move closer together.

Commonly experienced by columns and beams

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18
Q

What is tension?

A

A type of force or stress that tends to elongate or stretch an object along its axis.

It occurs when external forces pull or stretch the object’s structure, causing its particles or components to move farther apart.

Commonly experienced by cables and ropes

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19
Q

In a truss bridge, what type of force is experienced by the top chord

A

Compressive forces

20
Q

Benefits of a Truss compared to other bridge types

A

Efficient use of materials: triangular shapes allow for optimal strength to weight ratio.

Span large distances: Suitable for long spans without the need for intermediate supports.

Versatility: Can be constructed using various materials, such as steel, wood, or concrete.

Ease of inspection and maintenance: Clear visibility of members simplifies inspection and repair processes

.

Aesthetic appeal: Offers architectural flexibility and can be designed with visually appealing feature

21
Q

In a truss bridge, what type of force is experienced by the bottom chord

A

tensile forces

22
Q

Vector

A

Show both direction and magnitude.

e.g force, acceleration, velocity and displacement

Can be represented graphically

written with bar above pronumeral

23
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by another force

24
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

Force = mass x acceleration

25
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

26
Q

In a cable stayed bridge where are compression and tensile forces located

A

Compressive = towers

Tensile = cables

27
Q

In a beam bridge where are compression and tensile forces located

A

Compressive = Piers, top of beam

Tensile = bottom of beam

27
Q

In an arch bridge where are compression and tensile forces located

A

Compressive = abutments

Tensile = None

28
Q

Addition of vectors: Sign of Vectors

A

Must be given sign because they have direction

Given positive or negative depending on direction of vector

Resultant (sum of all forces) = closing force which goes in opposite general direction to the other forces

29
Q

A beam may be subjected to:

A

Concentrated loads.

Distributed loads

or a combination of both

30
Q

What is a simply support beam

A

Pinned at one end and roller support at the other

31
Q

Overhanging beam

A

Rests on two similar supports to the simply supported arrangement but extends beyond one or both of its supports.

32
Q

What are the characteristics of cantilever

A

Rigidly fixed at one end and free at the other.

33
Q

A pinned supports reactions can be unknown. Therefore it is analyzed in terms of its:

A

horizontal and vertical components

34
Q

The total reaction of at the fixed end of a cantilever bean may contain.

A

Horizontal reaction force

Vertical Reaction Force

Reaction moment

(3 unknowns at fixed end)

35
Q

Conditions of equilibrium

A

∑FH = 0

∑FV = 0

∑M = 0

36
Q

Pins

A

Pins are typically small, cylindrical rods or bars made of steel or other strong materials. They are used in structural connections to transfer loads, provide support, or allow for movement between connected members.

37
Q

Abutments

A

Foundations that support weight of bridge and hold back soil - typically made of concrete

38
Q

Piers

A

Additional supports in the middle of bridges

39
Q

Describe how you could find a zero Force Members

A

If a joint only has two non-colinear members and there is no external load or support reaction at that joint, then those forces are zero force members.

If three members form a truss joint for which two of the members are colinear and there is no external load or reaction at that joint, then the third non-colinear member is a zero-force member.

40
Q

Determinacy of Coplanar Trusses

A

b + r = 2j (Determinate)

b + r > 2j (Indeterminate)

b = num of bar members

r = number of reactions

J = number of joints

41
Q

What is magnitude in relation to force vector quantity

A

Strength or intensity of the force (measured in N or lbf).

42
Q

What is sense in relation to force vector quantity

A

Orientation in which the force is applied. (Shown by an arrow)

43
Q

What is direction in relation to force vector quantity

A

The orientation in which the vector points. (acute angle of horizontal)

44
Q

What is Point of application in relation to force vector quantity

A

Specific location where the force is exerted on an object.

45
Q

Gusset plate

A

Gusset plates, typically triangular or rectangular steel plates, reinforce and connect structural elements at joints where beams, columns, or trusses intersect, providing added support and stiffness through bolting or welding.

46
Q

What is a simple support used for?

A

Simple supports aren’t widely used in real-life structures unless the engineer can be sure that the member will not translate; otherwise, they run the risk of the member simply falling off the support.

engineering 2024 (2 decks)

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