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CPL > engine and systems > Flashcards

engine and systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is the formula of plank

A

total amount of indicated HP= PLANK/33,000 ft-lb/min

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2
Q

define plank /33,000 ft-lb/min

A 
P = The pressure in lb. Per sq. Inch, generated by expanding gasses.
L = The length of the piston stroke, in feet.
A = The area of the head of the piston in sq. Inches.
N = The number of impulses, or times the engine fires in one minute.
K = The number of cylinders in the engine.
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3
Q

what are the four stroke cycle of a motor ?

A
  1. Induction/Intake Stroke
  2. Compression Stroke
  3. Power Stroke
  4. Exhaust Stroke
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4
Q

What does a turbo charger ?

A

A turbocharger supplies the engine with denser, compressed air to compensate for the thinner outside air, allowing the aircraft to perform more efficiently even at high altitudes.

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5
Q

What is the critical altitude point of the turbocharger ?

A

at which point the turbocharger is at maximum capacity and any further climb will result in lowered engine performance

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6
Q

how does work a turbocharging ?

A
  • Escaping exhaust turns an impeller which drives a compressor.
  • The compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and compresses it to a higher density.
  • The higher density air is then sent to the intake manifold.
  • The speed of the impeller/compressor can be either fixed or adjustable.
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7
Q

how does work a supercharging?

A

Superchargers compress the fuel/air mixture after it leaves the carburetor, whereas turbochargers compress the air before it is mixed with fuel.
When engine power is increased at low altitudes using a supercharger, it’s called boost. At high altitudes it’s called supercharging.

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8
Q

how does engine cooling ?

A
  • Some engines use liquid cooling, but air cooling is the most common method by far.
  • Fins are added to engine cylinders to increase surface area to allow the air passing to carry away more heat.
  • Air is allowed in through openings in the cowling and directed over engine parts using shrouds and baffles.
  • Higher performance aircraft may have cowl flaps which can be opened at low speed/high power settings to increase cooling airflow.
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9
Q

what are the four major purposes of lubrificating oil?

A

1-cooling
2-sealing
3-lubrification
4-flushing

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10
Q

what is valve lead?

A

is timing the valve to open early.

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11
Q

what is valve lag ?

A

is timing the valve to close late.

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12
Q

what is overlap?

A

is allowing both valve to remain open at

the same time.

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13
Q

what the % is transform into useful work by the combustion ?

A

30% (and only 90% of the 30% is transformed into traction)

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14
Q

what is oil mono grade (w100) ?

A

endency of the oil to keep the same viscosity at all temperatures

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15
Q

what does mean the number in this type of oil grade 10W40?

A

10 - Viscosity when cold

40 - Viscosity when hot

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16
Q

what are the the 4 criterias ?

A 
1- Viscosity
2- High flash point
3- Low content of carbon and good resistance to
oxidation
4- Low pour point
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17
Q

what is the viscosity ?

A

Tendency of a fluid to adhere to a surface .
High viscosity index:
One which the change in viscosity, due to varying operating
temperatures, are small
High viscosity index  high oil pressure

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18
Q

what is the flash point ?

A

The temp beyond witch a fluid will ignite.

This temp must be higher than the max operating temp of the engine

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19
Q

what is the low carbon content ?

A 
Produces minimum amount of carbon inside the engine
Must have a low wax content
Good stability to resist to;
-Oxidation
-Deterioration
-Formation of lacquer
-Formation of carbon
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20
Q

what is the low pour point ?

A

The temperature at which liquid solidifies.

Necessary for cold weather starting

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21
Q

explain dry sump?

A

Dry sump: (Force feed)
Oil is contained in a separate tank
And is forced under pressure from a pressure pump
through the hollow crankshaft
To lubricate the engine by the force feed method.
Other parts are lubricated by a fine spray or mist.

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22
Q

explain wet sump?

A

Oil is contained in a sump or pan, under the crankcase.
The crankshaft splashes the oil into a heavy mist over various
engine parts.
A gear type pressure pump moves the oil through
passageways in the crankshaft and push rods to all the
bearings of the engines)

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23
Q

what is the oil additives ?

A
  • Detergents:Improve engine cleanliness.
  • Oxidation Inhibitors: Improve oil stability.
  • Anticorrosion Additives:Deter corrosion.
  • Pour Point Depressants: Lower oil pour point.
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24
Q

what is a fuel pump fuel system?

A
  • Fuel pump systems use an engine driven pump to supply the engine with fuel.
  • Fuel pump systems are used in all low wing airplanes and high performance planes.
  • A fuel pressure gauge in the cockpit tells the pilot the pressure of fuel entering the carburetor.
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25
Q

what is a gravity feed fuel system ?

A
  • Gravity feed is the simplest type of fuel system and is used on many high wing and low power aircraft.
  • Fuel from the tanks is fed using gravity.
  • A strainer and drain allow water and sediment to be removed before the carburetor.
  • The primer pumps raw fuel into the intake manifold or cylinders to aid with starting.
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26
Q

what are the part of the fuel system?

A
  • Fuel Tanks
  • Fuel Selector Valve
  • Fuel Lines
  • Fuel Quantity Gauge
  • Fuel Primer
  • Carburetor
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27
Q

what are the component contain in the fuel?

A

octane and haptane

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28
Q

what is the quality of the octane ?

A

Octane possesses minimum detonating qualities.

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29
Q

what is the quality of the heptane ?

A

Heptane possesses maximum detonating qualities.

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30
Q

What is the color of the fuel Grade 100LL(low lead)?

A

blue

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31
Q

What is the color of the fuel Grade 100 (highlead)?

A

green

32
Q

What is the color of the fuel Kerosene/Diesel?

A

clear or staw

33
Q

What is the color of the fuel P87-90?

A

green

34
Q

What is the color of the fuel P84-87?

A

undryed

35
Q

What is the color of the fuel Grade 80 (80/87)?

A

red

36
Q

describe what is the detonation ?

A

•
Describes the inability of a fuel to burn slowly and is characterized by abnormally rapid and instantaneous combustion.
•
Detonation causes cylinder pressure and cylinder head temperature to rise quickly and violently and can be very damaging to the engine.
•
It is caused by use of incorrect fuel, engine overheating, or over-leaning the mixture.
•
It can be temporarily remedied by putting the mixture to full rich, and permanently remedied by using the correct fuel as specified in the POH.

37
Q

describe what is the pre-ignition ?

A

•
Pre-ignition is premature ignition of fuel, usually due to trying to start a hot engine, and normally results in a backfire through the intake manifold.
•
Pre-ignition can cause very serious damage to the engine.

38
Q

describe what is the vapour-lock ?

A

Vapour lock occurs when high atmospheric temperatures cause gas to vaporize, thereby blocking flow of the liquid fuel in the lines.

39
Q

what are the ratio air/fuel of:
.
Running Mixture

Best Power Mixture

LowestFuel Consumption Mixture

Leanest Running Mixture

A

~1 to 8

~1 to 14

~ 1to 18

~1 to20

40
Q

what does a too rich mixture ?

A
  • Wasted unburned fuel being expelled.
  • Spark plug fouling.
  • Combustion chamber deposits.
  • Rough engine operation.
  • Loss of power or engine failure.
41
Q

what does a too lean misture ?

A
  • Rough engine operation.
  • Sudden cutting out/popping back in of engine.
  • Overheating and detonation.
  • Loss of power of engine failure.
42
Q

what are the benefit of leaning the fuel ?

A

•Economy of fuel for lowering operating costs.
•A smoother running engine.
•
A more efficient engine giving higher cruise performance.
•Extended range at cruise speeds (due to lower fuel consumption).
•Less spark plug fouling and longer spark plug life.
•More desirable engine temperatures.
•Cleaner combustion chambers resulting in less likelihood of pre-ignition.

43
Q

what is the range of temperatures you can have carburetor icing ?

A

-5°c to 30°C

44
Q

what is the most suspect temp. for carburator icing ?

A

15°C

45
Q

how do you use the carb. heat ?

A

1) Apply carburetor heat and watch for the manifold pressure or engine RPM to drop due to reduced power.
2) If no ice is present, the power will not drop any further, and carbheat can be disengaged.
3) If icing is present, the melting ice will cause a furtherreduction in power and rough running of the engine while the water passes through the engine.
4) Once the manifold pressure or RPM stabilize, the ice has been cleared.

46
Q

what is the advantage of fuel injection ?

A
  • More even distribution of fuel to all cylinders due to individual metering.
  • Better cooling due to elimination of leaner, hotter mixtures to distant cylinders.
  • Savings on fuel through more uniform distribution.
  • Increased power over carbureted engines.
  • Significant reduction/elimination of carburetor icing.
47
Q

What is the lost of rpm if one magneto doesn’t work ?

A

If one magneto fails in flight, the airplane can still be flown on the other magneto with a slight loss in overall power (~ 75 rpm).

48
Q

Is the magneto produce high or low voltage ?

A

High voltage (produce low voltage at the beginning but it’s implifie with a coil for high voltage )

49
Q

What is the electrical component that’s recharge the battery ?

A

alternator

50
Q

what are the electrical component of the electrical system?

A 
1-battery 
2-master switch 
3-alternator
4-generator
5-bus bar 
6-circuit breakers
7-ammeter
51
Q

what are the type of propeller you can have ?

A
  • wood
  • metal
  • composite
52
Q

what is the propeller pitch ?

A

is the distance that it moves forward for one full revolution.

53
Q

when do you use fine pitch ?

A

take off

landing

54
Q

when do you use coarse pitch ?

A

cruise flight

55
Q

if you have an engine failure how do ajuste the propeller ?

A

you put it in feather

56
Q

what is the geometric pitch ?

A

Theoreticaldistance a propellerwouldadvancein one

rotation if itwasworkingin a perfectfluid(no resistance).

57
Q

what is the effective pitch ?

A

The actualdistance a propelleradvancesin one revolution.

58
Q

what is the propeller slip/propeller efficiency ?

A

The difference between geometric pitch and effective pitch.

59
Q

What are the force acting on the propeller ?

A

centrifugal
torsion
trust

60
Q

what is the centrifugal twisting moments?

A

Centrifugal force acts directly away from the centre of rotation along the full length of the blade
The centrifugal force attempts to stretch the tip from the hub

61
Q

what is windmilling ?

A

If the engine fails the propeller will windmill (drive the engine)
This is not what we want to happen as it will increase
the drag produced by the blade
The drag produced by a windmilling propeller is equal to the drag produced by a solid disc of the same radius

62
Q

how the solidity of the blade can be increase ?

A
  • Increasing the number of blades

* Increasing the chord of the blades

63
Q

what happen if you increase the blade length?

A

Increasing the blade length will increase the tip speed, many propeller blades come close to or exceed the speed of sound. As an object approaches the speed of sound the shockwaves created increase the drag on the object, kinetic energy will be turned into sound and heat, reducing efficiency

64
Q

what is the most efficient cambered aerofoil ?

A

a cambered aerofoil will be most efficient around 4⁰ AofA, the same can be said for a propeller blade

65
Q

what happen to the AofA of the blade if you increase or decrease the rpm or the TAS?

A

If the RPM increases the AofAwill increase

If the TAS reduces the AofAwill increase

If the RPM decrease the AofAwill decrease

If the TAS increases the AofAwill decrease

66
Q

Propeller stress or failure can be caused by what ?

A
  • Over Speeding
  • Lightning Damage
  • Vibration
  • Nicks and fatigue cracks
  • Fatigue of the hub
67
Q

what are The disadvantages of metal propellers?

A
  • Heavier than wooden propellers
  • Harder to manufacture
  • Increased tendency to vibrate
  • Cost more
68
Q

what are advantages of metal propellers?

A
  • Ease of maintenance should the prop be chipped
  • Resistance to weathering
  • Low drag
  • Low service requirements
  • Ease of storage
69
Q

what is the p-factor ?

A
  • Yawing tendency due to asymmetrical propeller loading.
  • At high angles of attack the descending blade has more “bite”, providing more thrust.
  • Creates a adverse yaw to the left that must be corrected with right rudder input
70
Q

what is the propeller slipstream?

A
  • Effect of the airflow created by the spinning propeller striking the tail of the aircraft.
  • Causes aircraft to Yaw Left
71
Q

what is the gyroscopic precession ?

A
  • Reaction of a gyroscope in motion.
  • Force is felt 90 degrees ahead of the direction of rotation.
  • Creates a left yawing tendency, especially noticeable in tail wheel aircraft
72
Q

what is a tachometer ?

A
  • Indicates the speed at which the engine crankshaft is spinning.
  • Also normally shows total engine time in hours.
  • In an airplane with a fixed pitch propeller, the tachometer is the sole source of information on engine power.
  • In an airplane with a constant speed or controllable pitch propeller, the tachometer works in conjunction with the manifold pressure gauge.
73
Q

how works the jet propulsion ?

A
  • Jet propulsion uses hot gasses ejected from the rear of the engine to produce forward thrust
  • Whereas propeller move a large volume of air backwards at slow speed, jet engines move a smaller volume of air backwards at very high speed.
74
Q

what is the ramjet engine ?

A

The ramjet is the simplest form of jet engine. High speed ram air is forced through the front of the engine and compressed by the diffuser section. It is then mixed with fuel, combusted, and the exhaust is expelled through the nozzle.

75
Q

how works turbojet engine ?

A

The turbojet engine is a more complex jet engine that was used in many earlier jet aircraft. It uses a series of compressor blades driven by a turbine to compress the air entering into the engine. Turbojets produce very high power output.

76
Q

how works turboshaft and turboprop engines ?

A

Turboshaftand turboprop engines are variations on the turbojet in which engine power is used to drive either a propeller a geared power shaft in order to turn the expelled exhaust gasses into rotational power.

77
Q

how works turbofan engine ?

A

The turbofan engine is a development of the turbojet in which a ducted fan is used to send cool bypass air around the main power section to be mixed downstream with the hot jet exhaust. This results in reduced power put significant fuel efficiency. The amount of bypass air will determine drop in power and fuel efficiency.

CPL (2 decks)

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