eng file 5

Question 1

linguistic expression

Answer 1

A piece of language with a form, a meaning, and syntactic properties.

Question 2

grammaticality judgement

Answer 2

An instance of a native speaker of some language deciding whether some string of words corresponds to a syntactically well-formed or grammatical phrasal expression in their native language.

Question 3

principle of compositionality

Answer 3

The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined.

Question 4

lexical expressions

Answer 4

A linguistic expression that has to be listed in the mental lexicon,

Question 5

phrasal expressions

Answer 5

A linguistic expression that results from the syntactic combination of smaller expressions. A multi-word linguistic expression. A sentence is a special kind of phrasal expression.

Question 6

syntactic properties

Answer 6

Properties of linguistic expressions that dictate how they can syntactically combine with other expressions, namely, word order and co-occurrence properties.
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Question 7

word order

Answer 7

The linear order in which words can occur in some phrasal expression. Also, the set of syntactic properties of expressions that dictates how they can be ordered with respect to other expressions.

Question 8

Co-Occurrence

Answer 8

The set of syntactic properties that determines which expressions may or have to co-occur with some other expressions in a sentence.

Question 9

adjuncts

Answer 9

A linguistic expression whose occurrence in a sentence is optional; also called modifier.

Question 10

agreement

Answer 10

The phenomenon by which certain expressions in a sentence (e.g., a verb and its subject) must be inflectionally marked for the same person, number, gender, etc.

Question 11

morphosyntax

Answer 11

The name for syntax and morphology considered jointly as a single component of grammar.

Question 12

syntactic constituent

Answer 12

A group of linguistic expressions that function as a syntactic unit within some larger expression; the smaller expressions out of which some larger phrasal expression was constructed in accordance with the phrase structure rules.

Question 13

cleft

Answer 13

A type of sentence that has the general form It is/was X that Y, e.g., It was Sally that I wanted to meet. Can be used as a constituency test.

Question 14

substitution

Answer 14

In syntax, a constituency test that involves replacing a constituent with a single word (or simple phrase), such as a pro-form. In language processing, a production error in which one unit is replaced with another.

Question 15

pro-forms

Answer 15

A word (e.g., a pronoun) that can replace a syntactic constituent.

Question 16

syntactic categories

Answer 16

A group of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties. All expressions that belong to the same syntactic category have more or less the same syntactic distribution.

Question 17

syntactic distribution

Answer 17

Refers to the set of syntactic environments in which an expression can occur. If two expressions are interchangeable in all syntactic environments, we say that they have the same syntactic distribution and therefore belong to the same syntactic category.

Question 18

noun phrases

Answer 18

The name of a syntactic category that consists of proper names, pronouns, and all other expressions with the same syntactic distribution.

Question 19

determiners

Answer 19

The name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as the, a, this, all, etc. Syntactically, consists of those expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun to their right result in an expression of category noun phrase.

Question 20

mass nouns

Answer 20

In simple terms, a noun that cannot be counted and cannot (normally) be pluralized.

Question 21

intransitive verbs

Answer 21

The name for the set of lexical expressions whose syntactic category is verb phrase.

Question 22

transitive verbs

Answer 22

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase; a verb that needs a noun phrase complement.

Question 23

ditransitive verbs

Answer 23

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with two expressions of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase. A verb that needs two noun phrase complements.

Question 24

sentitial complement verbs

Answer 24

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with a sentence to their right result in a verb phrase; a verb that needs a sentence as its complement.

Question 25

VP adjuncts

Answer 25

A kind of adjunct that combines with an expression of syntactic category verb phrase with the resulting expression also being of category verb phrase.

Question 26

N adjuncts

Answer 26

A kind of adjunct that combines with an expression of syntactic category noun with the resulting expression also being of category noun.

Question 27

prepositional phrase

Answer 27

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that contain a preposition and a noun phrase. Can be verb phrase adjuncts or noun adjuncts.

Question 28

preposition

Answer 28

The name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as of, in, for, with, etc. Syntactically, this category consists of those expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in an expression of category prepositional phrase.

Question 29

lexicon

Answer 29

A mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions, including their form and meaning and their morphological and syntactic properties. As a part of a descriptive, not mental, grammar, the lexicon is the representation of the mental lexicon, consisting of lexical entries that capture the relevant properties of lexical expressions

Question 30

lexical entries

Answer 30

A representation of a lexical expression and its linguistic properties within a descriptive grammar of some language. A collection of lexical entries constitutes the lexicon. A lexical entry has the form f → X, where f is the form of some particular lexical expression, and X is its syntactic category.

Question 31

phrase structure rules

Answer 31

A recipe for syntactically combining expressions of certain syntactic categories. Along with the lexicon, phrase structure rules are a part of a descriptive grammar of some language.

Question 32

phrase structure tree

Answer 32

A visual representation of how phrases are constructed within a descriptive grammar, given the lexicon and the phrase structure rules.

Question 33

ambiguity

Answer 33

The phenomenon by which a single linguistic form (e.g., a word or a string of words) can be the form of more than one distinct linguistic expression. The form that is shared by more than one expression is said to be ambiguous.

Question 34

topicalized

Answer 34

A syntactic process by which (in English) a syntactic constituent occurs at the beginning of a sentence in order to highlight the topic under discussion.

Question 35

lexical ambiguity

Answer 35

The phenomenon where a single word is the form of two or more distinct linguistic expressions that differ in meaning or syntactic properties.

Question 36

homophony

Answer 36

The phenomenon by which two or more distinct morphemes or nonphrasal linguistic expressions happen to have the same form, i.e., sound the same.

Question 37

syntax

Answer 37

A component of mental grammar that deals with constructing phrasal expressions out of smaller expressions. Also a name for the subfield of linguistics that studies how expressions can combine to form larger expressions.

Question 38

grammatical

Answer 38

A term used to describe a sentence that is in accordance with the descriptive grammatical rules of some language, especially syntactic rules. When some phrasal expression is constructed in accordance with the syntactic rules of a language, we say it is grammatical or syntactically well-formed.

Question 39

ungrammatical

Answer 39

Not in accordance with the descriptive grammatical rules of some language, especially syntactic rules. When some phrasal expression is not constructed in accordance with the syntactic rules of a language, we say it is ungrammatical or syntactically ill-formed.

Question 40

argument

Answer 40

A linguistic expression that must occur in a sentence if some other expression occurs in that sentence as well. If the occurrence of an expression X in a sentence requires the occurrence of an expression Y in that sentence, we say that Y is an argument of X.