ENG 211 File 6

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

The study of linguistics meaning

Question 2

Lexical Semantics

Answer 2

A subfield of semantics that studies meanings of lexical expressions.

Question 3

Compositional Semantics

Answer 3

A subfield of semantics that studies the meanings of phrasal expressions and how those meanings arise given the meanings of the lexical expressions they contain and how they are syntactically combined.

Question 4

Sense

Answer 4

A mental representation of an expression’s meaning.

Question 5

Reference

Answer 5

A component of linguistic meaning that relates the sense of some expression to entities in the outside world. The collection of all the referents of an expression.

Question 6

Mental Image

Answer 6

A concept of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

Question 7

Prototype

Answer 7

For any given set, a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of that set.

Question 8

Hyponymy

Answer 8

A meaning relationship between words where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X.

Question 9

Hypernym

Answer 9

A meaning relationship between words where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X.

Question 10

Synonymy

Answer 10

A meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same.

Question 11

Antonymy

Answer 11

A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.

Question 12

Complementary Antonymy

Answer 12

Pair of antonyms such that everything must be descried by the first word, the second word, or neither; and such that saying of something that it is not a member of the set denoted by the first word implicates that it is in the set denoted by the second word.

Question 13

Gradable Antonymy

Answer 13

Words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale.

Question 14

Proposition

Answer 14

The sense expressed by a sentence. characteristically, propositions can be true or false.

Question 15

Truth Value

Answer 15

Either true or false. The reference of a sentence.

Question 16

Mutual Entailment

Answer 16

The relationship between two propositions where they entail one another.

Question 17

Incompatible

Answer 17

The relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

Question 18

Principle of Compositionality

Answer 18

The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined.

Question 19

Idioms

Answer 19

A multi-word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional.

Question 20

Pure Intersection

Answer 20

The relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun.

Question 21

Intersective Adjectives

Answer 21

An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies.

Question 22

Subsective adjectives

Answer 22

An adjective whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun it modifies refers to.

Question 23

Non-Intersection Adjectives

Answer 23

An adjectives whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things.

Question 24

Anti-Intersection Adjective

Answer 24

An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to y the noun that it modifies.

Question 25

Converses

Answer 25

Antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word.

Question 26

Reverses

Answer 26

Antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that “undoes” the movement suggested by the other.

Question 27

Usage-Based Definitions

Answer 27

A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that the word is used by speakers of a language.

Question 28

Referent

Answer 28

An actual entity or an individual in the world to which some expression.

Question 29

Sister Terms

Answer 29

Words that, in terms of their reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy, i.e., have exactly the same hypernyms.

Question 30

Relative Intersection

Answer 30

Type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference.