ENG 011 LESSON 7

Question 1

Ideas that are DIRECTLY stated in the text

Answer 1

EXPLICIT INFORMATION

Question 2

Ideas that are implied or NOT DIRECTLY stated.

Answer 2

IMPLICIT INFORMATION

Question 3

It is the central point or the main argument of an author.

Answer 3

CLAIM

Question 4

Characteristics of a Good Claim

Answer 4

Debatable
Unique
Not neutral
Clear
Rational

Question 5

Three Types of Claim

Answer 5

Claim of Fact
Claim of Value
Claim of Policy

Question 6

Can be verified as either true or false. Tells “what is” and “what is not”. A well-argued claim of fact clearly states the main argument, defines vague and controversial terms. It is supported with factual information, testimony and observation. It has sufficient accurate, and recent and evidence which are organized to emphasize the main argument.

Answer 6

CLAIM OF FACT

Question 7

Refers to evaluative statements that can be qualified. Asserts which conditions are better, more important desirable. Gives an idea of what is good or bad. Philosophical beliefs. Aesthetic beliefs. Moral standpoint.

Answer 7

CLAIM OF VALUE

Question 8

Refers to statements that espouse for specific action to be taken as solution to a particular problem. An argument which asserts the implementation of a certain policy. Normally introduced by the modals “should”, “must”, or “ought to”. Action-oriented. Aims to provide alternatives, specific action plans, or recommendations to the usual societal problems or issues.

Answer 8

CLAIM OF POLICY

Question 9

Invalidate an argument. As a critical reader, you have to identify and examine fallacies and manipulative language found in the text.

Answer 9

ERRORS IN REASONING

Question 10

REVEAL ANSWER

Answer 10

REASONING = ARGUMENT
EVIDENCE = PREMISES
CLAIM = CONCLUSION

Question 11

The truth of the premises is to prove that the truth of the conclusions is certain.

Answer 11

DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

Question 12

The truth of the premises is supposed to prove that the truth of the conclusion is probable. Either strong or weak. 50%

Answer 12

INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

Question 13

Despite the presence of the multiple possibilities an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options.

Answer 13

FALSE DILEMMA/FALSE DICHOTOMY

Question 14

Just because it is not proven to be false, something is instantly concluded to be true and vice versa.

Answer 14

APPEAL TO IGNORANCE

Question 15

When a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn.

Answer 15

SLIPPERY SLOPE

Question 16

The reader is expected to either accept or reject both two or more points that are rolled into one at the same time.

Answer 16

COMPLEX QUESTION

Question 17

Instead of reasoning, a threat is used to argue. Committed when one appeals to force often with subtlety to cause acceptance of a conclusion.

Answer 17

APEEAL TO FORCE (AD BACULUM)

Question 18

Just because it is what the majority thinks, an argument is considered to be valid

Answer 18

BANDWAGON

Question 18

Pity is used instead of logical reasoning. Committed when one appeals to pity cause the acceptance of a conclusion.

Answer 18

APPEAL TO PITY (AD MISERICORDIAM)

Question 19

To show that the belief is false, there is an unpleasant consequence of believing something

Answer 19

APPEAL TO CONSEQUENCES

Question 20

Instead of attacking the ideas of the argument, you attack the character of the person

Answer 20

APPEAL TO THE PERSON

Question 21

The authority in the statement is not mentioned or named.

Answer 21

ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY

Question 22

Occurs when a person is not actually a legitimate expert on the subject matter; occurs also when you assert your own expertise

Answer 22

APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

Question 23

The sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization about a population.

Answer 23

HASTY GENERALIZATION

Question 24

When a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways

Answer 24

FALSE OR WEAK ANALOGY

Question 25

Even if a general rule should be an exception, it is still applied to a situation

Answer 25

ACCIDENT

Question 26

A is the cause of B since event A happened before event B.

Answer 26

POST HOC

Question 26

There is reverse in direction between cause and effect

Answer 26

WRONG DIRECTION

Question 27

Even when there are other factors which also contributed to the event, the explanation is reduced to one thing.

Answer 27

COMPLEX CAUSE

Question 28

The argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead

Answer 28

IRRELEVANT CONCLUSION

Question 29

The position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute

Answer 29

STRAW MAN

Question 30

If argument A is true then argument B is true

Answer 30

AFFIRMING THE CONSEQUENT

Question 31

If argument A is not true then argument B is not true

Answer 31

DENYING THE ANTECEDENT

Question 32

The arguments contradict one another

Answer 32

INCONSISTENCY