Enforcement

Question 1

When was the Wergild?

Answer 1

Anglo Saxon

Question 2

What was the Wergild and how did it change between Anglo Saxon and Norman times?

Answer 2

The fine became payed to the king rather than to the family of the victim of the crime.

Question 3

Why was a change made to the Wergild?

Answer 3

To extend the role of the king in the legal system. To raise finances for the King.

Question 4

What were Tithings?

Answer 4

A group of 10 men who were responsible for monitoring the behaviour of other members of the tithing. Collective responsibility.

Question 5

What was the hue and cry and why did it continue to work in the Norman period?

Answer 5

Victim would shout that a crime had taken place and the whole community would be responsible fore tracking down the criminal. Most people still lived in small communities and villages where everyone knew each other, so community based systems of enforcement continued to work effectively.

Question 6

When was trial by combat introduced?

Answer 6

It was introduced by the normans.

Question 7

What was trial by combat?

Answer 7

Combatants would fight to the death or until one of them gave in - idea was that god had judged the loser to be guilty. It was used to settle disputes over large sums of money or land.

Question 8

Why was trial by combat introduced by the Normans?

Answer 8

It benefited the Norman lords who were well trained in combat.

Question 9

When was trial by ordeal?

Answer 9

Anglo Saxon, Norman, Medieval

Question 10

What was trial by ordeal?

Answer 10

It was a trial overseen by the Church. If the person did not heal it was a sign of their guilt, eg trial by hot iron.

Question 11

When was trial by ordeal abolished?

Answer 11

1166, as part of the Assizes of Clarendon.

Question 12

What was benefit of the clergy?

Answer 12

Clergy would have their trials in special Church courts. This guaranteed a more lenient sentence.

Question 13

When were coroners introduced?

Answer 13

Norman and Medieval. 1194 by Richard I

Question 14

What were coroners in the Norman and Medieval period?

Answer 14

They investigated suspicious deaths. This provided a more centralised approach.

Question 15

What period were Assizes?

Answer 15

Norman and Medieval.

Question 16

What were Assizes?

Answer 16

Royal judges who held royal courts to hear most serious cases of robbery, murder or theft.

Question 17

When were Assizes introduced?

Answer 17

1166 - as part of the Assizes of Clarendon

Question 18

Why were the Assizes significant?

Answer 18

They made the system of enforcement more centralised - similar law enforcement in different areas.

Question 19

What period were Justices of the Peace?

Answer 19

Norman and Medieval

Question 20

Important people/dates for Justices of the Peace. (3)

Answer 20

Richard 1 appointed knights as keepers of the King’s peace.
Edward 1 extended this to the whole country.
1361 - known as Justices of the Peace and were responsible for enforcing the law. This centralised law enforcement.

Question 21

When were constables introduced?

Answer 21

Early modern period.

Question 22

What did constables do in the early modern period?

Answer 22

Oversaw law and order in towns, arrested criminals without needing a warrant and held them until their trial, and were expected to catch criminals and carry out some punishments eg whipping vagabonds.

Question 23

What era were town watchmen introduced?

Answer 23

Early modern

Question 24

What did town watchmen do?

Answer 24

Patrolled the town looking for signs of crime to deter criminals. All male householders were expected to serve as night watchmen as unpaid volunteers. They were expected to arrest drunks and vagabonds.

Question 25

What era were the Bow Street Runners introduced?

Answer 25

Industrial

Question 26

Who established the Bow Street Runners and when?

Answer 26

Henry Fielding in 1748

Question 27

What were the Bow Street Runners?

Answer 27

Volunteers who attended crime scenes, detected criminals, and published descriptions of wanted persons in local Journal. They patrolled London and aimed to deter criminals by increasing the chances of them being caught.

Question 28

What era were the Metropolitan Police created, when and by who?

Answer 28

Industrial, Sir Robert Peel in 1829.

Question 29

What was the Metropolitan Police?

Answer 29

London was split into 17 districts, each with their own police divisions. They each had 4 inspectors and 144 constables, who patrolled beats.

Question 30

When and what was the Police Act?

Answer 30

The Police Act (1856) spread police all across the country. They were centrally controlled and acted as a deterrent.

Question 31

What period was the Criminal Investigation Department?

Answer 31

Industrial

Question 32

When was the CID set up, and what did they do?

Answer 32

1842 - detective branch who investigated crimes after they had been committed.
1878 - CID set up. Larger scale but same function.

Question 33

How was the CID different to constables?

Answer 33

They wore ordinary clothes and did not walk a beat.

Question 34

What are breathalysers and when were they introduced?

Answer 34

1967 - enabled traffic police to test drivers’ blood alcohol level at the roadside.

Question 35

What are speed cameras and ANPR and when were they introduced?

Answer 35

1992 - Automatic Number Plate Recognition is used by speed cameras so that number plates are checked against a database of vehicles of interest to the police.

Question 36

What did CCTV do?

Answer 36

Helped deter crime and reduce crime rate.

Question 37

What are forensics?

Answer 37

Looking for DNA, fingerprints, and objects at crime scenes.

Question 38

What are the two important dates for forensics?

Answer 38

1901 - first Fingerprint Branch set up.
1988 - first murder conviction based on DNA evidence.

Question 39

What is the Police National Computer?

Answer 39

Launched in 1974 - holds the records of 25 million people. It has several databases eg for fingerprints, motor vehicles, missing person details.

Question 40

What does police specialisation mean there is?

Answer 40

A targeted response from experts.

Question 41

The 4 important dates for police specialisation.

Answer 41

1946 - Fraud Squad
1971 - Bomb Squad
2001 - National Hi-tech Crime Unit
2013 - National Crime Agency (drugs)

Question 42

When was the neighbourhood watch first set up?

Answer 42

1982

Question 43

What does the neighbourhood watch do?

Answer 43

Encourages prevention of crime by community enforcement. Neighbours report crimes to the police.

Question 44

Approximately how many household are now involved in the neighbourhood watch?

Answer 44

3.8 million