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AQA A level Biology > Energy transfers in and between organisms > Flashcards

Energy transfers in and between organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Cellular organelles where photosynthesis takes place

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2
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

Double membrane, stroma, thylakoids, lamellae, chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, starch grains, grana

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3
Q

Function of stroma

A

A fluid-filled matrix where the light-independent stage of photosynthesis takes place. Within the stroma are a number of other structures such as search grains.

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4
Q

Function of grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids. Membranes of grana create large surface area increasing number of light dependant reactions to take place.

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5
Q

Function of thylakoids

A

Series of flattened fluid filled sacs part of a membrane system that contains pigments, enzymes and electron carriers

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6
Q

Site of photosynthesis

A

The leaf
- Chloroplasts

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7
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

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8
Q

Oxidation

A

Loses electrons
Gains oxygen / loses hydrogen

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9
Q

Reduction

A

Gains electrons
Loses oxygen / gains hydrogen

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10
Q

Photoionisation

A

Light energy is absorbed by the plant cells. This excites the electrons in the chlorophyll, causing them to leave the molecule and be taken up by an electron carrier. As a result the chlorophyll becomes ionised, oxidised

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11
Q

Chemiosmotic theory

A

As protons flow down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase the energy from the movement of protons is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP (photophosphorylation) in a process called chemiosmosis

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12
Q

Photolysis of water

A

The splitting of water molecule bonds in the presence of light

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13
Q

Products of light independant reactions

A

Reduced NADP
ATP

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14
Q

Importance of photolysis

A

As light hits the chlorophyll, it loses an electron and for the molecule to continue absorbing light the electrons must be replaced. The splitting of the water provides an electron to replace lost one

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15
Q

Photolysis equation

A

2H2O –> 4H+ + 4e- + O2
Water –> hydrogen + electron + oxygen

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16
Q

Use of oxygen in the photolysis of water

A

It is a waste product of the reaction and so is either used in respiration or diffuses out of the leaf

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17
Q

Fate of electron from PS II

A

Loses energy to channels in transport chain and replaces electron from PS I

18
Q

What is a photosytem?

A

Embedded in thylakoid membrane
Funnel- like structures
Absorbs light energy and transfers to primary reaction centre

19
Q

Accessory pigments

A

Pigments that help with photosynthesis by capturing light energy from different wavelengths
- Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophyll

20
Q

Reaction centre

A

Primary pigment centre conating principal light absorbing pigment

21
Q

Photosystem II (P680)

A

Absorbs red light
Wavelength of 680 nm (absorption peak)

22
Q

Photosystem I (P700)

A

Absorbs orange light
Wavelength of 700 nm (absorption peak)

23
Q

Abbreviation of RuBP

A

Ribulose biphosphate

24
Q

How many carbons in compound RuBP

A

5-carbon compound

25
Q

Abbreviation of ribusco

A

Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

26
Q

Abbrevation of GP

A

Glycerate 3-phosphate

27
Q

How many carbons in GP

A

3-carbons

28
Q

Abbrevation of TP

A

Triose phosphate

29
Q

Site of light independant reactions

A

Stroma

30
Q

Site of light dependant reactions

A

Thylakoids

31
Q

Who worked out The Calvin Cycle

A

Melvin Calvin

32
Q

Autotrophs

A

Primary producers
An organism that can produce its own food using natural sources such as light, water and carbon dioxide

33
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Consumers
An organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients as it cannot produce it’s own food

34
Q

Chemotrophs

A

An organism that obtain energy by the oxidation of reduced compounds

35
Q

Pigment of reaction centre

A

Chlorophyll a

36
Q

Stages of the light independant reaction

A

Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration

37
Q

Definition of photosynthesis

A

The process by which organisms use light energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water producing glucose and oxygen

38
Q

Generic formula of sugar

A

CHO

39
Q

Coenzymes

A

Enzymes needed to assit other enzymes in a oxidation or reduction reaction as they pick up/lose hydrogen atoms

40
Q

Coenzyme of photosynthesis

A

NADP (oxidised form)
NAPDH (reduced form)

41
Q
A

AQA A level Biology (6 decks)

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