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A2 Biology > Energy Transfers > Flashcards

Energy Transfers Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does LDR in photosynthesis occur?

A

In the grana

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2
Q

How are ATP and reduced NADP produced during the LDR?

A
  1. Chlorophyll absorbs light photons causing e- to excite out (photo ionisation)
  2. E- transport along ETC and electron loses energy
  3. This energy is used to form ATP from ADP + Pi
  4. Light striking chlorophyll causes photolysis of H2O- produces H+ that reduced NADP
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3
Q

What are the stages of light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle)?

A
  1. CO2 combines with RuBP (using rubisco enzyme)
  2. Produces 2* GP
  3. Reduced NADP provides reducing power to form 2* TP using ATP
  4. TP loses 1 C which is used for organic substances and RuBP is regenerated
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4
Q

Limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

light intensity
co2 conc
temp

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5
Q

Similarities between respiration and photosynthesis?

A

Both produce ATP using oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis?

A
  1. Glucose phosphorylated to glucose phosphate using ATP
  2. glucose phosphate splits in TP
  3. TP is oxidised using energy from ATP to pyruvate

G—->GP—–>2TP—–>2 pyruvate

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8
Q

What is pyruvate converted to during anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

ethanol, CO2

reduced NAD is oxidised to NAD so it can be reused in further glycolysis

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9
Q

What is pyruvate converted into during anaerobic respiration in animal cells?

A

lactate

again, reduced NAD is oxidised to NAD so it can reused in further glycolysis

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10
Q

Describe the process of the link reaction?

A
  1. pyruvate is oxidised to acetate using NAD
  2. pyruvate loses CO2
  3. acetate combines w/coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
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11
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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12
Q

Describe process of Kreb’s cycle

A
  1. acetylcoenzyme A combines with 4C to produce 6C molecule
  2. 6C molecule make a 4C molecule in a series of oxidation (of reduced NAD/FAD) reactions and decarboxylation reactions (losing 2* CO2)
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13
Q

Describe process of Ox Phos

A
  1. reduced FAD and NAD release H atoms
  2. H atoms split into H+ and e-
  3. e- went along the ETC and loses energy
  4. The H+ are actively transported from inner mitochondrial space—–>inner membrane space
  5. H+ accumulate in the inner membrane before they diffuse back into inner mitochondrial space through ATP synthase
  6. ATP synthase produces ATP
  7. O2 acts as final e- acceptor and forms water
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14
Q

How can you measure photosynthesis? and what factors must you consider?

A

Using a photosynthometer

  1. must be kept in the dark before hand so no LDR can occur
  2. sample of KHCO3 acts as CO2 source so CO2 is not a limiting factor
  3. Kept airtight to prevent O2 from escaping
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15
Q

Why is measuring photosynthesis not always accurate?

A

Because some O2 is used up during respiration

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16
Q

Why cant a plant rely on ATP produced solely by the LDR?

A

Doesn’t produce sufficient ATP
Photosynthesis doesn’t take place in the dark
Cells without chlorophyll cant produce ATP otherwise

17
Q

Why is it necessary for humans to synthesise a large amount of ATP every day?

A

ATP cannot be stored

ATP is unstable

18
Q

How is ATP a suitable source of energy in biological process?

A

Energy released in small manageable chunks
ATP can be resynthesised
Energy is released in a single step

19
Q

What is biomass?

A

total dry mass of an organism in a specific area in a given time
Unit: kJha-1year-1

20
Q

what is gross primary production (GPP)?

A

total chemical energy stored in plant in a given area or volume in a given time

21
Q

examples of intensive rearing

A

predators are excluded- simplifies food chain
reduced movement- more energy used for growth
kept warm- reduces heat loss
feeding is controlled- given more nutritious food

22
Q

Steps of eutrophication

A
  1. nitrates cause an algal bloom at the surface
  2. blocks light for plants lower down the surface of the water
  3. they can’t photosynthesise so they die
  4. Dead material is broken down by decomposers
  5. The decomposers respire and deplete oxygen in the water
  6. Aerobic organisms cannot survive
23
Q

two types of nitrogen fixing

A

free living: convert nitrogen gas to NH3 which is used for amino acids
mutualistic: live on nodules on roots of plants such as peas and beans
Bacteria obtain carbs from the plant and plant obtains amino acids from the bacteria

24
Q

nitrification

A

carried out by nitrifying bacteria
converts NH4+ to NO2- to NO3-
Oxidation reaction: needs to be carried out in soil with air spaces

25
Q

ammonification

A

Saprobionts carry out extracellular digestion on dead and waste material and release NH4+ into the soil

26
Q

denitrification

A

occurs in water logged soil
Converts NO3- to nitrogen gas
Leads to an increase in anaerobic denitrifying bacteria

27
Q

function of mychorrihzae

A

attaches to roots of plants and increase surface area for absorption
Plants gain ions and water from the fungi
whilst fungi gains sugars and organic compounds (amino acids) from the plant

28
Q

definition of producers

A

photosynthetic organisms that produce organic substances using light energy

29
Q

definition of consumers

A

organisms that gain energy by feeding another organism

30
Q

definition of net primary production

A

total quantity of chemical energy stored in plant biomass in a given volume or area in a given time minus respiratory losses (measured in kJha-1year-1)

31
Q

why isn’t most sunlight converted into organic matter?

A

not all the light hits the chlorophyll
90% of light is reflected back
not all wavelengths of light can be absorbed

32
Q

why is there only a low percentage of energy transferred to each trophic level?

A

some parts of the organism are not consumed
some is lost in waste
some is lost as heat from respiration

33
Q

where is energy from net primary production used?

A

used in growth and reproduction or is transferred to next trophic levels

34
Q

how do using fertilisers increase crop productivity?

A

nitrates are incorporated in amino acids, ATP and nucleic acids.
They help the plant grow
Taller plants=greater leaf area= increased rate of photosynthesis= increased crop productivity

35
Q

definition of food chain

A

feeding relationship in which primary consumers eat producers

36
Q

why is heat produced during respiration?

A

any energy that is not used in producing ATP

37
Q

Effects of less CO2 on photosynthesis?

A

Less CO2 binds with RuBP to form GP
Less GP reduced to TP
Less TP to regenerate RuBP

38
Q

Why is only a little amount of energy passed to the next trophies level?

A

Some light is reflected
Some light misses chlorophyll
Producers loses energy as heat
Producers lose energy due to movement and respiration
Not all parts of an animal can be eaten- eg bones

A2 Biology (5 decks)

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