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KIN 335 Midterm > Energy Transfer > Flashcards

Energy Transfer Flashcards

1
Q

When glucose is broken down via glycolysis, how much ATP is produced?

A

2 ATP.

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2
Q

When broken down, how many kcals does ATP produce?

A

7.3 kcal/mol.

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3
Q

How much ATP does your body store, and how long can it sustain maximal exercise?

A

80-100g, 2-3 seconds.

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4
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the PCr reaction to create ATP?

A

Creatine phosphokinase.

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5
Q

What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

A

In reduction reactions, electrons (H+) are being received.

In oxidation reactions, electrons (H+) are being given away.

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6
Q

Where is the ETC located, and what does it do?

A

It is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

In a ‘bucket brigade’ fashion, iron-protein electron carriers pass down electron pairs carried by NADH and FADH2. During this passage of electrons, energy is released to turn ADP into ATP.

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7
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen. It accepts hydrogen to make water.

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8
Q

How many molecules of ATP does NADH produce?

A

2.5.

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9
Q

How many molecules of ATP does FADH2 produce?

A

1.5.

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10
Q

What is the relative efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

It is 34% efficient.

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11
Q

What are the 3 pre-requisites for ATP re-synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. availability of FADH and NADH in tissue.
  2. presence of o2 in tissue.
  3. sufficient content of mitochondrial enzymes.
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12
Q

How many moles of ATP does the complete breakdown of glucose yield?

A

32.

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13
Q

What are the 4 rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, phosphorylase, pyruvate kinase.

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14
Q

What enzyme facilitates the formation of glycogen?

A

Glycogen synthase.

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15
Q

What 2 places in the body store glycogen?

A

Skeletal muscle and liver.

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16
Q

What enzyme facilitates glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase.

17
Q

When glycogen is broken down via glycolysis, how much ATP is produced?

A

3 mols ATP.

18
Q

What happens when o2 is abundant (2 things)?

A

Glycolysis is inhibited.

Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and turns into acetyl-CoA irreversibly.

19
Q

What happens to pyruvate when o2 is not available? What enzyme facilitates the reaction?

A

Pyruvate is reduced to form NAD+ and lactate. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) facilitates the reaction.

**This reaction is reversible.

20
Q

How is lactate continually formed at rest/during moderate exercise?

A
  1. Via energy metabolism in RBC.
  2. In muscle fibers with high glycolytic activity.
21
Q

How is lactate used in the body?

A
  1. Readily oxidized by neighboring muscle fibers, heart, and lung muscles.
  2. Acts as a substrate for glycogen synthesis (taken to the liver, Cori cycle).
22
Q

How many kcal does complete oxidation of glucose yield?

A

686 kcal.

23
Q

How much ATP does complete oxidation of a fat molecule yield?

A

460 ATP.

24
Q

What are the 3 sources for fat catabolism?

A
  1. Triacylglycerols (TGs) stored in muscle mitochondria.
  2. Circulating TGs in lipoprotein complexes.
  3. Circulating free fatty acids mobilized from TGs in adipose tissue.
25
Q

TG breakdown is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

Lipase.

26
Q

What does the amount of ATP generation from fats depend on?

A

The amount of carbons in the fatty acid.

27
Q

How much ATP is produced from each 18 carbon fatty acid molecule?

A

147 ATP.

Each TG molecule has 3 chains, so it’s 147 for each chain (441 total).

28
Q

How much ATP is produced from glycerol breakdown?

A

19 ATP.

29
Q

Which hormones alter free fatty acid delivery to active muscle?

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone.

30
Q

Explain the concept of ‘fats burn in a carbohydrate flame’.

A

Fatty acid breakdown only continues if there is sufficient oxaloacetate to combine with acetyl-CoA formed during beta oxidation.

31
Q

What does a glucogenic amino acid do?

A

Yields intermediates for glucose synthesis when deaminated.

32
Q

What does a ketogenic amino acid do?

A

Yields intermediates acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate when deaminated to form TGs.

33
Q

What is deamination?

A

The removal of nitrogen from an amino acid. The remaining carbon skeleton contributes to aerobic ATP generation.

34
Q

Name the interconversions of macronutrients.

A

Carbs -> fats or non-essential amino acids.
Fats -> non-essential amino acids.
Proteins -> Carbs or fats.

KIN 335 Midterm (2 decks)

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