Energy terms Flashcards
What is inertia?
The ability of the power system to resist changes in frequency due to sudden imbalances between electricity supply and demand.
What is isolation?
The separation of different parts of the grid, either intentionally (e.g., microgrids) or due to faults (e.g., blackouts) from the rest of the system.
What is Phase Angle?
Фазовый угол. The angular difference between the voltage waveforms at different points in the electrical network. (the measure of how much one waveform is shifted relative to another.) Maintaining appropriate phase angles is crucial for voltage stability in the grid. The amount of power transferred between two points in the grid is directly related to the phase angle difference between those points. Larger phase angle differences generally indicate higher power flows between points.
What is frequency stability?
Maintaining the grid frequency close to its nominal value (e.g., 50 Hz(heartz) in Europe, 60 Hz in the U.S.). if it goes lower blackouts could happen. Frequency depends on how much inertia is there. The cause of low frequency is lack of inertia.
What is ROCOF?
It is a measure of how quickly the frequency of an electrical power system changes over time. This metric is crucial for grid stability and reliability. RoCoF is defined as the change in system frequency over a specified time period, usually measured in Hz per second (Hz/s).
What is oscillations?
Колебания. Repetitive variations in electrical quantities such as voltage, current, or power flow. These oscillations can occur due to various disturbances or instabilities in the grid and can significantly impact the stability and reliability of the power system.
What is harmonics?
Unwanted distortions in the electrical waveforms that can cause various problems. Harmonics are extra waves that overlay the main electricity wave (over basic frequency 50HZ).
What is TSO?
Transmission system operators - are entities responsible for the high-voltage transmission network, which transports electricity over long distances from power plants to distribution networks.
What is DSO?
Distribution system operators - manage the medium and low-voltage distribution networks that deliver electricity from the transmission system to end consumers, including residential, commercial, and industrial users. DSOs focus on maintaining reliable and efficient service at the local level.
What is system strength?
Our product measures the strength of the system at a local note measuring fault level and voltage stiffness (неподвижность) and sensitivity
What is event analysis?
The systematic examination of incidents that impact the electrical grid. These events can range from minor disturbances to major blackouts. The goal of event analysis is to understand the causes, impacts, and responses to these incidents to improve grid reliability and prevent future occurrences. When there are significant events on the grid, we capture all that information; based on all historic event we’re building a profile…the events are historic and the numbers are estimate
What is current?
Поток. The flow of electricity through a wire or circuit. The amount of this flow is measured in units called amperes, or amps (A). Current can either flow in a steady direction (like a stream) or back and forth (like waves).
What is Short Circuit? And what is Short Circuit Level (SCL)? What is Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)?
Короткое замыкание.
Short circuit occurs when electricity takes an unintended path, bypassing the designed route through the power lines. This usually happens due to damaged wires or faulty equipment, causing a massive surge of electricity.
SLC is a measure of how strong an electrical system is when a short circuit happens. It tells us how much electric current can flow if there’s a fault, like when two wires touch accidentally.
SCR measures the strength of an electrical grid compared to the size of a generator being added. It shows how well the grid can handle the extra power. A higher SCR means a stronger grid, which is better at staying stable and avoiding problems when new generators connect.
What is active system strength?
The measurement of a circuit level using voltage modulation to provide a continuous probing of the network. The small variation in current end voltage caused by the modulation is used to calculate the short circuit level at the node.
What is passive system strength?
Estimation of short circle level calculated using changes in voltage and current that occur during normal system or other normal background disturbances on the network
What are the challenges on grids?
As the grid becomes less stable, issues can occur far quicker, potentially on a sub-second-level. During periods of low demand and high levels of Wind and Solar, there is a lower level of inertia on the system. Lower levels of Inertia increase the RoCoF following an event such as an Interconnector or Generation Trip, increasing System risk.
What is voltage sensitivity?
Measures the stability of voltage behaviour at a particular note and if required in the particular region.
Why XMU is better than PMU?
XMU can be plugged in the office or anywhere and PMU can only be connected to a high voltage electricity system
XMU is much higher resolution
XMU reads 48,000 times/second, while PMU reads 50 times/second
What is noise?
Noise is unwanted disturbances affecting electrical signals. Sources of noise: household devices, long lines picking up noise, power electronics, industrial equipment
Impact: Disruption of signals, unwanted frequencies
Out technology filters out the noise.
What is the challenge around integrating renewables on the grid?
Traditional power systems relied heavily on the inertia provided by large synchronous generators to maintain frequency stability. With the shift towards renewable energy, there is a noticeable decline in system inertia, making the grid more susceptible to frequency fluctuations and instability.
