Energy Systems Flashcards
What is the structure of ATP?
1 Adenosine
3 Phosphate molecules
How is ATP broken down?
ATPase breaks the high energy bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate - releases energy
What does resynthesising ATP mean?
ADP + Pi are joined to make ATP
What happens in the ATP-PC system?
A phosphocreatine is broken down by creatine kinase into creatine and an inorganic phosphate
Energy is released
The energy is then used to bind ADP and the inorganic phosphate along with ATPase to resynthesise ADP
What is the energy yield of the ATP-PC system?
1:1
What is the time zone for the ATP-PC system?
Up to 10 seconds
What type of sports do we use the ATP-PC system for?
Fast and high intensity sports e.g sprinting
What are some advantages of the ATP-PC system?
No by product (of lactic acid) is produced
Immediate energy release
PC stores recover quickly
ATP resynthesised quickly
What are some disadvantages of the ATP-PC system?
Stores of phosphocreatine are limited
ATP-PC will provide energy for only 8-10 seconds
Energy yield = 1 ATP - 1:1
It can only replenish itself when oxygen is present
Where does the anaerobic glycolytic system take place?
In the sarcoplasm
What is the energy yield for the anaerobic glycolytic system?
Makes enough energy to resynthesise 2 ATP
What is the first step of the anaerobic glycolytic system?
Glycogen is broken down into glucose by glycogen phosphorylase
What is the second stage of the anaerobic glycolytic system?
Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid by phosphofructokinase
What happens in the final stage of the anaerobic glycolytic system?
Pyruvic acid is broken down into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase
Enough energy to resynthesise two molecules of ATP is released
What are some advantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system?
Lasts up to 3 minutes
ATP can be resynthesised quickly
What are some disadvantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system?
Lactic acid (denatures enzymes) causes fatigue
Only a small amount of energy is released
What are the 3 stages of the aerobic system?
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
What is the process of glycolysis?
Glycogen➡️Glucose➡️Pyruvic acid
How much energy does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the sarcoplasm
What happens in the Krebs Cycle?
Pyruvic acid (produced during glycolysis) enters the mitochondria and is oxidised into Acetyl Co-A
Acetyl Co-A combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
Citric acid undergoes oxidative carboxylation (hydrogen and carbon dioxide are given off)
How much energy does the Krebs cycle produce?
2 ATP
What happens in the electron transport chain?
The hydrogen from the Krebs cycle passes into the inner membranes of the mitochondria where it splits into hydrogen ions and electrons
The electrons undergo a series of redox reactions which release a large amount of energy
What happens to the hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain?
The hydrogen ions are oxidised and water is produced
How much energy does the electron transport chain produce?
34 ATP
What is beta oxidation?
The breakdown of fats to generate energy
What fat store is used in beta oxidation?
Triglycerides
What is the process of beta oxidation?
Stored fat is broken down into fatty acids before being converted into Acetyl Co-A
What are some advantages of beta oxidation?
1 molecule of glucose can produce 36-38 ATP - high energy yield
Large stores stores of glycogen and triglycerides so exercise can last for a long time
No fatiguing as there are no by-products
What are some disadvantages of beta oxidation?
Can only be used during sub maximal activities - e.g long distance activities
Energy production is slow
Fatty acid transportation in muscles is low
Fatty acids require 15% more oxygen to be broken down
What does VO2 mean?
The volume of oxygen consumed by the body per minute
What does VO2 max mean?
The maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute
What is sub maximal oxygen deficit?
The difference between the oxygen required by the muscles and the oxygen actually consumed during the initial stages of submaximal exercise
What is maximal oxygen deficit?
What is EPOC?
Increased rate of oxygen consumption following activity, with the intent of paying back oxygen debt
What are the 3 features of the fast component of EPOC.
Replenishment of PC stores
Resynthesis of ATP
Re-saturation of myoglobin in the muscles
What are the 3 features of the slow component of EPOC?
Removal of lactic acid
Maintenance of breathing and heart rate
Increase in body temperature
