Energy systems Flashcards
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
What enzyme is used to break the ATP compound
ATPase
What does ATPase break ATP down into
ADP, inorganic phosphate
What is the aerobic oxidative system
Most efficiency way of resynthesizing ATP with the oxidation of glucose and it overall produces 36-38ATP.
What is produced when fatty acids are broken down
Acetyl coenzyme A
What is glycolysis
- Its anaerobic
- Takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
- Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid via the enzyme Phosphofructokinase
- Produces 2 ATP
- Pyruvic acid will turn into ACA
- Then enters the Kreb cycle
What is the Kreb cycle
- takes place in the mitochondria
-Produces: CO2,H20,H+ions and 2ATP - Hydrogen ions will enter the electron transport chain
What is the electron transport chain
-Takes place in the mitochondria
-H+ ions enter this stage
-Lots of energy is produced
- Resynthesis 32-34 more ATP
- High energy yeild
What is Beta oxidation
- Breakdown of fats
- Fats must be broken down from triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids
-Glycerol and free fatty acid go through beta oxidation
-Once combinded with ACA it can enter the kreb cycle
What are the positives of the aerobic system
- 1 molecule of glucose/fat/protein has produced 36-38 ATP
- High energy yeild
- Lots of energy over long period of time
- No fatiguing by-products
- High stores of glycogen and triglyceride exercise lasts for a long time
What are the negatives of the aerobic system
- This system can only be used during submaximal activities E.g. Long distance cycling and running
- Energy production is not rapid it will take minutes
- Fatty acid transportation in muscles is low
Fatty acids require 15% more oxygen to be broken down
What is the lactate system
- Produces energy for high intensity activity
- Duration of this system depends on the fitness of the athlete
-Also depends on the intensity of the activity - Resynthesis of ATP involves the breakdown of glucose
What happens in the lactate system
- Takes place in the sarcoplasm
- 2ATP is produced
What does the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase break down
Glycogen into glucose
What does the enzyme phosphofructokinase break down
Glucose into pyruvic acid
What does the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase break down
Pyruvic acid into lactic acid
What are the positives of the lactate system
- ATP is resynthesized quickly due to fewer reactions
- Lats longer than the ATP-PC system
-If O2 present the lactic acid is converted back to glycogen - Used during a sprint finish for a extra burst of energy
What are the negatives of the lactate system
- Lactic acid is the by-product
- Accumulation of lactic acid denatures enzymes
- Prevents the rate at which chemical reactions can take place
- Small energy yeild (2ATP)
- Energy for anaerobic conditions - 5%
- Compared to energy from aerobic conditions - 95%
What is the ATP-PC system
- ATP stored in muscles
- Phosphocreatine is broken down quickly to resynthesise ATP
- ATP-PC system will last for 8-10 seconds
- Replenish itself during low intensity exercise
- Only when O2 is present
- Enzyme create kinase detects high lives of ADP
-Breaks the phosphocreatine bond releasing energy
-Energy used to convert ADP to ATP - Every molecule of PC broken down 1 ATP is resynthesised
What are the advantages of ATP-PC system
- Energy released quickly
ATP resynthsised quickly - High intensity exercise can be repeated after short recovery
- No waste products
What are the disadvantages of the ATP-PC system
- Limited stores of PC
- High intensity exercise can only last 8-10 seconds
- Fully recovery takes up to 2-3 minutes
What are the adaptations of the energy systems
- Increased creatine stores (ATP-PC)
- Increased tolerance to lactic acid (Anaerobic glycolytic)
- Improved aerobic energy system (Aerobic system)
- Increased use of fats as an energy store (aerobic system)
- Increased storage of glycogen and number of mitochondria (aerobic )
What is increased creatine stores
- Short duration/High intensity training will improve your ability to produce anaerobic energy
- Body adapts by being able to store more creatine in muscles
-Improves ATP-PC system - Result : Exercise anaerobically (higher intensity) for a long duration and faster and ,more powerful repeated movements
What is increased tolerance to lactic acid
- Anaerobic training makes us better able to tolerate lactic acid
- Endurance training extends capillary networks.
Allowing greater amounts of blood to supply the muscles with oxygen and nutrients
-Body becomes more efficient at using oxygen. - Able to oxidise pyruvic acid more consistently
