Energy Sources of the Brain

Question 1

State types of brain fuel

Answer 1

Glucose
Monocarboxylic acids
Ketone bone

Question 2

The major sources of carbon in gluconeogenesis are …,…,…

Answer 2

Lactate
Glycerol
Amino acids

Question 3

When does the brain use lactate as fuel?

Answer 3

During sustained physical exercise

Question 4

Glucose in brain is phosphorylated by …..

Answer 4

Hexokinase

Question 5

Astrocytes uptake glucose by ….., while neurons do by ….. .

Answer 5

GLUT1
GLUT3

Question 6

What is the importance of astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle?

Answer 6

Bypass the slower glycolytic rate of neurons due to absence of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase-3 in neurons which activated PFK-1, this is due to constant proteasomal degradation in neurons.

Question 7

Lactate in astrocytes is shuttles to neurons by …..

Answer 7

Monocarboxylic transporters

Question 8

Glycogen is under dynamic control of …&…

Answer 8

Neurotransmitters
Local energy status

Question 9

Importance of PPP in brain

Answer 9

Maintenance of glutathione in reduced form and thus for its availabilityfor the detoxification of ROS

Question 10

Importance of brain energy metabolism

Answer 10

1-Maintenance and restoration of ion gradients dissipated by signaling processes such as postsynaptic and action potentials, as well as uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters, are the main processes contributing to the high brain energy needs
2-High amounts of energy, the foods we consume greatly affect brain function