Energy Sources Flashcards
Energy released in respiration is used to form…
ATP
Respiration =
Molecules (usually glucose) are broken down to release energy
ATP=
3 phosphate groups
In cellular respiration, energy released (from glucose) is added to ADP to add another phosphate group to form…
ATP
ATP stands for:
Adenosine triphosphate
When a phosphate group splits off the ATP molecule energy is released - can be used for:
Active transport
Muscle contraction
Other energy-requiring activities in the body
Energy from repairing a molecule like glucose is converted into ATP for several reasons. ATP=
Relatively small & simple molecule
Can diffuse easily where it is needed (e.g. For muscle fibres)
Delivers energy in small, convenient amounts
Glucose is the normal source of energy and comes from…
Carbohydrates in our food
Carbohydrate = monomer and is digested to…
Glucose so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream
Much of this glucose is then stored as the polysaccharide…
Glycogen in the liver & muscle cells
When the glucose in our blood is used for cellular respiration, glycogen is broken down to release…
More glucose to be used for respiration
Triglycerides can also be used as an energy source and most are stored in…
Adipose tissue
Triglycerides cannot be broken down as quickly as glycogen (not good for short-term exercise) it are useful for…
Long-term exercise
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose and triglycerides are respired aerobically, they can be…
Broken down completely to CO2 and Water and as much energy as possible is released from them
The maximal yield of ATP is obtained from…
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs when…
Oxygen is unavailable
When a glucose molecule respires anaerobically it is not broken down completely so…
Lactate is produced
Lactate is acidic and…
Lowers the pH
Lactate builds up in muscles and causes…
Painful muscle fatigue if it reaches high levels
Lactate builds up and diffuses into…
Blood
After exercise most lactate is oxidised to…
Carbon dioxide and water
Oxidising lactate requires additional oxygen called…
Oxygen debt
Smaller amounts of lactate converted into…
Glycogen
Small amounts of lactate converted into:
Glucose and protein
Trace amounts of lactate excreted:
in urine and sweat
Haemoglobin is protein inside…
Red Blood Cells
Haemoglobin is a…
Large globular protein
Made up of 4 sub-units
Quaternary structure
Haemoglobin each protein chain has a…
Non-protein haem group attached to it
Non-protein haem group contains an iron ion which can combine with a…
Single oxygen molecule
Haemoglobin molecule can carry…
4 oxygen molecules altogether
When haemoglobin joins with oxygen it becomes…
Oxyhaemoglobin
Oxygen concentration in air decreases at higher altitudes- this means people moving to a higher altitude have to …
Breathe in and out more often to take in enough oxygen to combine with haemoglobin in RBCs
People who live at higher altitudes have a …
Higher concentration of RBCs
More RBCs= more haemoglobin to carry oxygen so blood can…
Physically carry more oxygen and supply more oxygen to the muscles
