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Contested Planet > Energy Security > Flashcards

Energy Security Flashcards

1
Q

How many proven barrels of oil are there in Alberta’s tar sands?

A

166 billion barrels

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2
Q

What is the current level of tar sands production in Canada?

A

2.3 billion barrels per annum

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3
Q

How many people are employed in Canada’s tar sands oil industry?

A

130,000 people

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4
Q

How much more carbon intensive in tar sands than conventional oil drilling?

A

22%

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5
Q

What environment has been destroyed for tar sands extraction? How much? Is this significant?

A

900 square kilometres of boreal ecosystem has been destroyed, but this is just 0.2% of the entire Alberta boreal forest.

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6
Q

How has tar sands mining impacted local wildlife?

A

A 2006 study found that Moose has 453 times the acceptable level of arsenic in their bloodstreams.

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7
Q

What is the break-even cost of tar sands production?

A

$80 per barrel of crude oil

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8
Q

How many barrels of crude oil are recoverable in the ANWR?

A

Between 5.7 billion and 16.6 billion according to the USGS.

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9
Q

Where does drilling already take place in the Arctic? What is the nature of this operation?

A

281,000 barrels produced per day by BP at Prudhoe Bay.

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10
Q

How did President Obama impact the case for drilling in the ANWR?

A

Obama declared additional 5 million acres of land as ‘wilderness’ in which drilling would be illegal.

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11
Q

What is the proposed area for new drilling in the Arctic?

A

The area east of Prudhoe Bay known as Area 1002.

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12
Q

How have local people reacted to plans for drilling in the Arctic?

A

Gwich’in people opposed: 7000 signed opposition position as over 70% of diet is dependent on tundra ecosystem (e.g. Caribou).

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13
Q

How biodiverse is the ANWR?

A

37 species of land mammals, eight marine mammals, 42 fish species, and more than 200 migratory bird species.

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14
Q

How many Caribou migrate through the ANWR each summer?

A

123,000 Caribou

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15
Q

Give an example of a leak in the ANWR associated with the oil industry?

A

In 1978, vandalism caused a leakage of 700,000 gallons of oil along the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline system.

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16
Q

Describe the issue of ‘oil field sprawl’ in the ANWR?

A

Over 1000 square miles of arctic tundra now covered by oil fields.

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17
Q

How much technically recoverable shale gas is locked in shale rock in the United States?

A

17.5 trillion cubic metres

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18
Q

How much technically recoverable tight oil is locked in shale rock in the United States?

A

80 billion barrels

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19
Q

How much shale gas does the USA produce per day?

A

37 billion cubic feet per day

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20
Q

How much shale gas is the USA expected to produce by 2040?

A

79 billion cubic feet per day

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21
Q

By 2035, what percentage of natural gas supply will be accounted for by domestic shale production?

A

46%

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22
Q

How much oil does the USA produce from hydraulic fracturing?

A

4.9 million barrels of crude oil per day

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23
Q

What is the break-even price of fracking for oil in Texas?

A

$48

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24
Q

What has the impact of fracking been on OPEC?

A

An increase in world supply meant a fall in prices. This meant oil revenues fell 46% from $753bn in 2014 to $400bn in 2015.

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25
Q

How does fracking impact water supply?

A

Aquifer levels in Eagle Ford dropped 300 feet due to extensive water usage by wells - 9.6 million gallons per well.

26
Q

What are the health implications of fracking?

A

Fracturing fluids contain more than 650 known human carcinogens.

27
Q

How might fracking cause water contamination?

A

Duke University found 60 sites where methane had contaminated groundwater in New York and Pennsylvania.

28
Q

What were the implications of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico?

A

4.9 million barrels of oil were spilt, putting at risk over 400 species including the endangered Kemp ridley turtle.

Over 1,000km of marshland on the Louisiana coastline was oiled. 20% of fish found with lesions/sores (compared to 0.1% before).

29
Q

What is the revenue of BP?

A

$180bn

30
Q

How much oil is produced by BP?

A

3.3 million barrels per day

31
Q

How many refineries does BP control?

A

13 worldwide

32
Q

How many petrol stations does BP operate?

A

17,200 stations

33
Q

What percentage of global oil production is controlled by OPEC?

A

40%

34
Q

How did OAPEC cause the 1973 oil crisis?

A

OAPEC proclaimed an embargo in response to US support for Israel in the Yom Kippur war. This caused prices to quadruple from $3 to $12 per barrel.

35
Q

What recent oil discovery did the USGS make?

A

In November 2016, the USGS found a new shale reserve with an estimated 20 billion barrels of oil and 1.6 billion barrels of natural gas in the Midland Basin of Central Texas.

36
Q

Describe the EU’s ‘smart meters’ programme?

A

Aims to replace 80% of energy meters with smart meters by 2020. This will be achieved using 45 billion investment.

37
Q

What is the ‘Green Deal Finance’ scheme and what has changed?

A

It provided subsidies for energy efficiency measures such has cavity wall insulation, but was recently abandoned by the Conservative government.

38
Q

How much more expensive are onshore wind farms compared to natural gas plants?

A

4.6 times as expensive for equivalent energy output

39
Q

Where is the world’s uranium located?

A

Stable countries such as Australia and Canada.

Australia holds 31% of world’s uranium - 1.67 million tonnes.

40
Q

In the UK, how cost effective is nuclear relative to natural gas?

A

£93/MWh compared to £66/MWh

41
Q

What were the potential human health implications following the Fukushima disaster?

A

70% higher risk of thyroid cancer, lifetime cancer risk increased by 1%, 130 cancer deaths expected (WHO)

42
Q

How many people have been unable to return to their homes following the Fukushima disaster?

A

174,000 people

43
Q

How much land was contaminated following the 1986 Chernobyl disaster?

A

100,000 square kilometres significantly contaminated

44
Q

What river was contaminated by the 1986 Chernobyl disaster? Why was this significant?

A

The Pripyat river suffered significant contamination - important because this river supplied drinking water to 2.4 million people.

45
Q

What total subsidy is the Thanet Wind Farm expected to receive from the government over its operational lifetime?

A

£1.2bn

46
Q

What is the total capacity of the Thanet Wind Farm?

A

300 MW

47
Q

How many homes are supplied by the Thanet Wind Farm?

A

240,000

48
Q

What is the extent of Iraq’s reserves of oil?

A

140 billion barrels

49
Q

How many undiscovered barrels oil does the USGS estimate lie in the arctic?

A

90 billion barrels

50
Q

How many barrels of oil are produced daily within ISIS-controlled territory?

A

30,000

51
Q

Describe the UK’s Climate Change Levy.

A

0.5 penny tax on each KWh used, raised £46bn in 2016. Funds subsidies (e.g. £60m year subsidy to Thanet wind farm).

52
Q

Describe Nepal’s Micro-Hydro Village Electrification Scheme.

A

Serves 30,000 energy customers with total capacity of 3 MW. It saves 10 million kilograms of carbon dioxide annually, and facilitated 11% average income rise in participating villages.

53
Q

How much money has the World Bank contributed to the Micro-Hydro Village Electrification scheme?

A

$75m

54
Q

Describe how hydrogen fuel cells have been used in the USA.

A

Verizon Communications installed a 1.4MW phosphoric acid fuel cell for a combined Heat and Power system at its New York headquarters. It cost $11.8m, around $900,000 per fuel cell.

55
Q

What is the generating capacity of the Three Gorges Dam?

A

22,500 MW

56
Q

How many people have been displaced by the Three Gorges Dam?

A

1.3 million people

57
Q

How has the Three Gorges dam helped to ameliorate climate change?

A

It saves the usage of 31 million tonnes of coal per year an around 100 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.

58
Q

How has the percentage of forest cover declined as a result of the Three Gorges Dam?

A

Forest cover down from 20% in 1950 to 10% today in surrounding area.

59
Q

How biodiverse is the Yangtze?

A

Home to 361 different fish species, including 27% of all China’s endangered freshwater species.

60
Q

How much additional water has the Three Gorges Dam supplied?

A

11 extra cubic kilometres to downstream farms and cities during the dry season

Contested Planet (2 decks)

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