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GCSE Physics > Energy Resources > Flashcards

Energy Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the energy stores?

A
  • chemical
  • kinetic
  • gravitational potential
  • elastic potential
  • thermal
  • magnetic
  • electrostatic
  • nuclear
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2
Q

Name the 4 energy transfers

A
  • mechanically (via a force)
  • electrically (via motion of charge)
  • by heating (hot to cold)
  • by radiation (light and sound)
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3
Q

Which energy stores and energy transfers occur in a torch?

A
  • chemical store of battery is depleted
  • energy is transferred electrically through wires
  • as a result, the filaments thermal store is filled- filament heats up
  • energy is transferred from the filament to the surroundings by heating and radiation (light)
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4
Q

Which energy stores and energy transfers occur in a blender?

A
  • energy is transferred from the mains to the blender electrically through the wires
  • kinetic store of blender blades is filled along with thermal store of motor and blades
  • energy is transferred from the blender to the surrounding liquid mechanically (a force) and via heating and radiation (sound).
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5
Q

Which energy stores and energy transfers occur in a released catapult?

A
  • elastic store of rubber bands is depleted
  • energy is transferred mechanically to the kinetic store of the rock via an elastic force
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6
Q

Which energy stores and energy transfers occur in a microphone ?

A
  • energy is transferred to the microphone by radiation (sound)
  • energy is transferred from the microphone electrically through wires
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7
Q

Which energy stores and energy transfers occur in a light bulb?

A
  • energy is transferred to the light bulb electrically through the wires
  • thermal store of filament increases - filament heats up
  • energy transfers from the filament usefully by radiation and wastefully by heating
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8
Q

Which energy stores and energy transfers occur in a match?

A
  • chemical store of the match is depleted
  • thermal store the match is filled
  • energy transfers from the match by heating and radiation (light)
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9
Q

What is the law of the conservation of energy ?

A
  • energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another.
  • the energy into a system equals the energy out of a system. If 100 joules goes into a system and 50 J of useful energy comes out, then 50 J of energy is also transferred to less useful stores and is wasted.
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10
Q

What is the equation for efficiency?

A

Efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input

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11
Q

What is a sankey diagram?

A

A sankey diagram gives a visual illustration of an input/output situation. It is drawn to scale:
- the input is from the left of the diagram
- the wanted (useful) output is to the right
- all unwanted (wasted) output is made to go vertically down
energy stores and transfers : picture 1

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12
Q

What is the definition of conduction?

A

The transfer of heat energy through solid matter from particle to particle. The materials must be in contact.

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13
Q

What is an example of conduction?

A

Conduction of heat from the hot sand to your feet when you stand on it.

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14
Q

Does conduction require a medium?

A

Yes

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15
Q

How does conduction work?

A
  • the hot end of the metal is heated and the particles at this end begin to vibrate more (they are gaining energy).
  • these particles vibrate and pass their energy to adjacent particles via collisions.
  • this allows the energy to pass from particle to particle throughout a material.
  • matter must be in contact in order for particles to collide with each other.
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16
Q

What helps conduction occur?

A
  • metals are good conductors because they have free electros, which help in the process of conduction.
  • solids are good conductors because the particles are close together and they have strong forces between them.
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17
Q

What hinders conduction?

A
  • insulators such as plastic and wood do not conduct heat very well.
  • they do not have free electrons
  • liquids and gases are not conductors as their particles are further apart, making collision between particles more difficult.
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18
Q

What is the definition of convection?

A
  • the transfer of heat energy through heated fluid by movement of particles from hot to cold (gas or liquid)
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19
Q

What is an example of convection?

A
  • convection currents are set up over the top of the hot sand
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20
Q

Does convection require a medium?

A

Yes

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21
Q

How does convection work?

A
  • hot object heats the air above it
  • the particles in the air vibrate more
  • this makes the air particles spread out and become less dense
  • the less dense air rises
  • the denser cool air replaces the hot air
  • as the hot air cools it falls and a convection current is set up
22
Q

What helps convection?

A
  • convection only occurs in fluids
  • the particles carry energy with them from hot regions to cold regions so having space and no restrictions to particle movement is important for convection current to be set up
  • convection can occur in liquids and gases
23
Q

What hinders convection?

A
  • restricting the movement of particles by adding foam stops convection currents from setting up as the air is restricted to the pockets in the foam
  • a vacuum means no particles are there to convert the heat
  • even a lid helps as this prevents convection currents from taking heat from a liquid’s surface.
24
Q

What is the definition of radiation?

A

The transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation.

25
Q

What is an example of radiation?

A
  • heat radiates from the Sun and travels through space where it is absorbed by the surface of the sand.
26
Q

Does radiation require a medium?

A

No

27
Q

How does radiation work?

A
  • all hot objects radiate heat
  • this radiation is in the form of EM waves
  • they travel in straight lines
  • they can also be reflected and can travel through a vacuum at 3 x 10^8
28
Q

What helps radiation?

A
  • Matt black objects radiate heat well.
  • for example, the ‘fins’ at the back of a refrigerator are painted Matt black so that the heat from inside is radiated easily to the room
  • high surface areas allow for more heat to be radiated
  • hotter objects radiate heat more rapidly
29
Q

What hinders radiation?

A
  • shiny silvery surfaces stop heat loss by radiation as the surface colour and texture helps reflect the heat back in
  • shiny silvery objects are poor radiators
  • low surface area reduces the amount of heat radiated from an object
30
Q

What is the role of convection in everyday phenomena?

A
  • gliders/ birds in thermals
  • boiling water in a pot
  • hot water systems
31
Q

What must you explain in ALL convection examples?

A
  • the hot object heats the air above it
  • the particles in the air vibrate more
  • this makes the air particles spread out and become less dense
  • the less dense air rises
  • as the hot air cools, it falls and the denser cool air replaces the hot air which sets up a convection current.
32
Q

Explain the experiment of a Leslie cube.

A
  • a Leslie cube is a metal container which has four sides with different colours and textures:
    - Matt black
    - shiny black
    - shiny white
    - shiny silvery
    energy stores and transfers: picture 2
    The image shows that the matt black side is radiating the most heat and shows up pink in the infrared image (infrared is heat radiation) while the shiny silvery side is radiating much esos heat and shows up blue in the infrared image. Therefore, a matt black tea cup would cool tea more rapidly than a shiny silvery tea cup.
    A Matt black would also absorb heat radiation more readily than a shiny silvery can. In the image, the dull black can will reach a higher temperature than the bright shiny can. The heat radiation from the sun would be absorbed by the dull black can but reflected by the bright shiny can.
33
Q

What happens when hot objects cool?

A

Heat is transferred from hot objects to cooler objects.

34
Q

What is the correlation between how hot the object is and hot fast it cools?

A

The rate of cooling is greater when the object is hotter.

35
Q

energy stores and transfers: picture 3 - conduction experiment
- what is the independent variable?
- what is the dependent variable?
- what are the control variables?
- what are the results?

A
  • type of metal
  • time for pin to fall off
  • thickness of metal rod, length of metal rod, position of pins, temperature of water, initial temperature of rods, amount of wax holding pin on rod, room temperature
  • the metal with the smallest time will be the best conductor of heat.
36
Q

energy stores and transfers: picture 4 - convection experiment
- what is the independent variable?
- what is the dependent variable?
- what are the control variables?
- what are the results?

A
  • container with lid, container without lid
  • temperature drop after 20 minutes
  • volume of water, initial temperature of water, type of thermometer, room temperature, same cup, same initial temperature of cup
  • the container with the lowest temperature drop loses the least amount of heat via convection.
37
Q

energy stores and transfers: picture 5 - radiation experiment
- what is the independent variable?
- what is the dependent variable?
- what are the control variables?
- what are the results?

A
  • colour and texture of the metal block
  • temperature difference after 15 minutes
  • size of metal block, initial temperature of block, type of thermometer, distance to heat source, shape of metal block, room temperature
38
Q

Name three ways of reducing unwanted energy transfer such as insulation.

A
  • loft insulation
  • double glazing
  • shiny foil behind radiators
39
Q

Explain how loft insulation can reduce unwanted energy transfer.

A
  • stops heat loss by conduction and convection
  • it is made of glass -> is an insulator, has air pockets -> air is a poor conductor too
  • the pockets of air prevent convection currents being set up.
40
Q

Explain how double glazing can reduce unwanted energy transfer.

A
  • stops heat loss by conduction and convection
  • the vacuum between the panes of glass means that there are no particles to transfer the heat via collisions/conduction or convection currents
41
Q

Explain how shiny foil behind radiators can reduce unwanted energy transfer.

A
  • foil is silvery in colour and shiny in texture
  • this prevents heat loss by radiation
  • the heat radiating from the radiator is reflected back into the room
42
Q

Name the non-renewable energy sources.

A
  • fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas)
  • nuclear
43
Q

For the fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A
  • energy stores and transfers: picture 6
  • chemical store of fuel is depleted, thermal store of water is filled, kinetic store of water is filled, energy is transferred to turbine mechanically via force of steam on turbine blades,kinetic store of turbines is filled, energy is transferred to generator mechanically
  • reliable - constant source of power ; burning fossil fuels releases a lot of energy, relatively cheaply; plenty of fossil fuel power stations already - don’t need to spend money on new technologies
  • non-renewable ; produces carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas ; produces sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides which create acid rain
44
Q

For nuclear , state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A
  • energy stores and transfers: picture 7
  • nuclear store of uranium is depleted ; thermal store of water is filled; kinetic store of water is filled, energy is transferred to turbine mechanically via force of steam on turbine blades,kinetic store of turbines is filled, energy is transferred to generator mechanically
  • reliable - constant source of power ; does not produce carbon dioxide and does not contribute to global warming ; does not produce sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides - or create acid rain ; small amount of fuel creates a large amount of electrical power.
  • non-renewable ; produces radioactive waste which takes thousands of years to drop to a safe level ; possibility of a major meltdown which could have a catastrophic effect on environment ; expensive to build, maintain and decommission
45
Q

What are the renewable energy sources?

A
  • wind
  • hydroelectric
  • wave
  • tidal
  • geothermal
  • solar heating systems - solar furnace
  • solar cells
46
Q

For wind , state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A
  • energy stores and transfers : picture 8
  • kinetic store of wind is depleted ; energy is transferred to the blades mechanically via the force of wind on the blades ; kinetic store of blades in filled ; energy is transferred mechanically to the generator; kinetic store of generator is filled ; energy is transferred electrically from the generator via the wires
  • cheap to run - wind is free ; does not use fossil fuels; renewable source ; doesn’t produce carbon dioxide - does not contribute to global warming ; does not produce sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides - or create acid rain
  • not reliable - no wind , no power ; they spoil the view ; you need a large number to replace one coal power station - take up a lot of land ; a danger to the birds and a danger to boats/ships if in the sea ; noisy; expensive to set up - especially at sea
47
Q

For hydroelectric , state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A
  • energy stores and transfers : picture 9
  • Gravitational store of the water behind the dam is depleted as it flows down the tunnels from the top of the dam ; energy is transferred to the water mechanically via the gravitational force; kinetic store of the water is filled ; energy is transferred to turbine mechanically via force of steam on turbine blades,kinetic store of turbines is filled, energy is transferred to generator mechanically
  • cheap to run - no fuel ; has an immediate response to increased demand of electricity ; no problem with reliability - except in times of drought ; does not use fossil fuels; renewable source; doesn’t produce carbon dioxide - doesn’t contribute to global warming ; doesn’t produce sulfur and nitrous oxides - or create acid rain ; provides recreational activities like boating/fishing
  • initially expensive to build ; loss of habitat fro organisms living is valley which was flooded ; towns or villages may need to be relocated when valley is flooded ; fish spawning routes are disrupted ; can only be built in mountainous regions.
48
Q

For wave , state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A
  • energy stores and transfers : picture 10
  • kinetic store of water waves is depleted ; energy is transferred to a wave buoy mechanically via a force upward on the buoy by the water ; gravitational store of buoy is filled ; energy is transferred to generator mechanically
  • cheap to run - no fuel; does not use fossil fuels ; renewable source ; does not produce carbon dioxide- does not contribute to global warming; does not produce sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides- or create acid rain ; useful on a small island with no supply of fossil fuels
  • initially expensive to build ; not reliable-no wind no power ; they spoil the view; you need a
    large number to replace one coal power station ; a danger to boats/ships at sea
49
Q

For tidal , state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A
  • energy stores and transfers : picture 11
  • Gravitational store of the water on one side of the tidal barrage is depleted as it flows through the tunnels ; energy is transferred to the water mechanically via the gravitational force ; kinetic store of the water is filled ; energy is transferred to turbine mechanically via force of steam on turbine blades,kinetic store of turbines is filled, energy is transferred to generator mechanically
  • Cheap to run-no fuel; reliable- know when tides ; does not use fossil fuels ; renewable source; does not produce carbon dioxide- does not contribute to global warming ; does not produce sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides- or create acid rain ; provides recreational activities such as boating and fishing
  • Initially expensive to build ; alters fish habitats ; can only be built if there is an estuary ; prevents easy access by boats; height of tide is variable and power delivered is lower at lower tides.
50
Q

For geothermal, state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A
  • energy stores and transfers: picture 12
  • thermal store and nuclear store of the Earth’s core is depleted; energy is transferred via heating to the water; thermal store of the water is filled; kinetic store of water is filled; ; energy is transferred to turbine mechanically via force of steam on turbine blades,kinetic store of turbines is filled, energy is transferred to generator mechanically
  • Cheap to run-no fuel; reliable- constant supply of power; does not use fossil fuels; renewable source ; does not produce carbon dioxide- does not contribute to global warming; does not produce sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides- or create acid rain
  • Initially expensive to drill; there are few places where geothermal power can be set up- Earth’s crust must be thin.
51
Q

For solar heating systems - solar furnace , state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A

energy stores and transfers: picture 13
- Nuclear store of Sun is depleted; energy is transferred from the Sun as radiation (light) ; radiation reflects off parabolic mirror and is focussed on the furnace wall; furnace absorbs light radiation; thermal store of water in furnace is filled; kinetic store of water is filled; energy is transferred mechanically to turbines via the force of steam on blades; kinetic store of turbine is filled; energy is transferred to generator mechanically.
- Cheap to run- solar radiation is free; does not use fossil fuels; renewable source; does not produce carbon dioxide- does not contribute to global warming; does not produce sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides- or create acid rain
- Initially expensive to build; not reliable-cloudy- less power

52
Q

For solar cells , state the:
- energy transfers which occur
- advantages
- disadvantages

A

energy stores and transfers : picture 14
- Nuclear store of Sun is depleted; energy is transferred from the Sun as radiation (light) ; solar cell absorbs light radiation ; energy is transferred electrically via the solar cell wires
- Cheap to run- solar radiation is free; does not use fossil fuels; renewable source; does not produce carbon dioxide- does not contribute to global warming; does not produce sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides- or create acid rain
- Initially expensive to build; not reliable-cloudy- less power ; need many solar panels to replace one power station - takes up a lot of land ; unsightly

GCSE Physics (5 decks)

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