Energy requirements for adults Flashcards
What is EER
Average dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a healthy person of given gender, age, weight, height, and physical activity level, consistent with good health.
- Takes into account the energy content of new body constituents
- Growth, pregnancy, milk produced during lactation
Constituents of TEE
TEE – total energy expenditure which involves the BMR (50-70%), physical activity (15-30%), and TEF (10%)
In weight stable individuals energy intake must equal ____
TEE
How EER is calculated and how equatiosn were derived
Based on the energy intake needed to maintain energy balance in individuals with healthy weights, the EER consists of predictive equations for calculating the amount of energy intake that will maintain any individual’s body weight, as measured by doubly labeled water studies
What is BMR and how it is measured, and difference wth BEE
- Minimal rate of energy expenditure compatible with life
- Measured in the supine position under standard conditions of rest, fasting, immobility, thermoneutrality and mental relaxation
- BEE = basal energy expenditure expressed as kcal/24 hours
BMR is usually expressed per 24 hours (BEE or basal energy expenditure)
. BEE reflects the basic metabolic rate (BMR), or the daily energy needed to sustain cell metabolism and associated life processes, extrapolated to a 24-hour period.
The BEE is positively correlated with body size and composition and is easily predicted from age, sex, and height, but it is unclear how it may be affected by physical activity.
What is TEE
- Energy spent, on average, in a 24-hour period by an individual or a group of individuals
- Reflects the average amount of energy spent in a typical day
Different people move different amount of time, how it is accounted
To account for this variability, the EER equations include a physical activity coefficient (PA). This coefficient considers the impact of the duration and intensity of the physical activity performed and the efficiency of performance
What else is included in PA coefficients
An excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) factor, estimated at about 15%, is also included to adjust for an additional increase in energy expenditure induced for a period of time after the completion of a bout of physical activity
______were used by the IOM to assess physical activity patterns and energy expenditure of individuals for placement into one of four PAL categories: ____
Doubly labeled water data of both predicted and observed levels of physical activity were used by the IOM to assess physical activity patterns and energy expenditure of individuals for placement into one of four PAL categories: sedentary, low active, active, or very active
PAL equation and to whom applies
- PAL = ratio of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)/BEE
- Adult men; non-pregnant, non lactating women:
- BEE x PAL = TEE or the daily energy requirement
What term is closely related to PAL
In the EER equations, the PAL categories are closely linked to energy expended during physical activity in terms of metabolic equivalents (METs).
A MET is a numerical value that represents a multiple of the resting metabolic rate for a particular activity.
what is MET, what is the range
One MET equates to a rate of O2 consumption of 3.5 milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min) in adults. MET values between 1.0 and 12.0 represent the typical range of PAL, from light to moderate to vigorous. The MET value applies to the level of energy expenditure achieved during the performance of an activity and provides a way of expressing the total caloric cost of the activity (Δ PAL).
What are the recommendaations for PAL daily
Based on a comprehensive review of the scientific data, the panel found that in order to move from a very sedentary to an active lifestyle, adults and children alike need to engage in activities equivalent to a total of 60 minutes of moderately intense physical activity throughout each day.
it includes everything an individual does beyond sleeping and breathing and thus, gardening, dog-walking, light housekeeping and taking the stairs instead of the elevator are all activities that contribute to an active lifestyle
What PA should be to prevent weight gain
- To prevent weight gain and to accrue additional health benefits:
- 60 min of moderate intensity PA/d
- Moderate intensity: eq. to walking at a pace of 4 mph
Total energy expenditure should be
->Recommended PAL: 1.6 to 1.7
- Total energy expended should be ³ 1.6 to 1.7 x Resting Energy Expenditure
- Maintain body weight in ideal range (BMI 18.5 – 25)
- ↓ Decrease risk of CVD
PAL, Met and TEE relationship
The PAL provides information about the duration and intensity of a set of different activities performed during a 24-hour period and the relative differences in usual levels of physical activity.
The relationship between METs and PAL is incorporated into the sample EER template spreadsheet such that each physical activity performed in a 24-hour period is assigned a MET value based on its intensity and duration.
A resulting set of MET values is subsequently used to calculate the PAL for determination of the PA needed to estimate the TEE.
Desccribe PA categories
AMDR with omega 3 and 6: children (1-3), (4-18) and adults
Nutrient Functions and the Indicators Used to Estimate Requirements
How AAs are classified ( relative to the diet)
Precursors for conditionally indispensable AAs
Exchange between body protein and free amino acid pools
All the proteins in the tissues and circulation are grouped into one pool.
Similarly, there is a second pool, consisting of the free amino acids dissolved in body fluids.
The other major pathways that involve the free amino acid pool are the supply of amino acids by the gut from the absorbed amino acids derived from dietary proteins, the de novo synthesis in cells,
