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Keira Nutrition 1 S2 > Energy Metabolism, Food Intake and Weight Loss > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism, Food Intake and Weight Loss Flashcards

1
Q

What is the result of energy intake chronically exceeding energy expenditure by just 25kcal per day?

A

Morbid obesity

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2
Q

What are the different forms of energy?

A

Chemical, Mechanical, Electrical

All of which can be converted to heat

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3
Q

What is the ‘FIrst Law of Thermodynamics’?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form into another.

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4
Q

Give an example of chemical work?

A

Synthesis of new macromolecules

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5
Q

Give an example of mechanical work

A

Muscular contraction

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6
Q

Give an example of electrical work

A

Maintenance of ionic gradients across membranes; eg the sodium-potassium pump.

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7
Q

What is the formula for energy balance?

A

ENERGY BALANCE = energy intake (+ energy stores) - energy expenditure

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8
Q

What is negative energy balance?

A

Utilisation of the body’s energy stores: glycogen, fat, protein.

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9
Q

What is positive energy balance?

A

An increase in body energy stores, primarily as fat.

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10
Q

What is energy consumed in the form of food and drinks stored as?

A
  • Glycogen in the liver and muscles

- Fat (accounting for majority of energy storage)

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11
Q

When energy is in short supply, where can the body source energy from?

A
  • Glycogen in liver and muscles
  • Fat
  • Protein (last resort- cases or starvation or malnutrition)
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12
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

All energy used by the body degenerates as heat.

ie Whenever energy is transferred or transformed (eg during cellular metabolic reactions) there is a loss of energy in the form of heat.

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13
Q

What is a calorie?

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree celsius

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14
Q

How many calories are in

a) 1g Carbohydrate
b) 1g Protein
c) 1g Fat
d) 1g Alcohol
e) 1g Fibre

A

a) 4 kcal
b) 4kcal
c) 9kcal
d) 7kcal
e) 2kcal

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15
Q

What is the energy ‘currency’ used to fuel cell processes?

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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16
Q

What is the name of the organelles responsible for energy (ATP) production?

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

What are the key nutrients (cofactors) needed to fuel ATP generation via Acetyl CoA formation, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain?

A 
Magnesium 
Manganese
Iron
Sulphur
CoQ10
Copper
B1, B2, B3, B5
Alpha-lipoic acid
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18
Q

Name 5 factors that contribute to ATP production

A
  • Sufficient nutrient intake
  • Digestion & Absorption
  • Mitochondrial Health
  • Thyroid health
  • Healthy Detoxification
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19
Q

What does BMR stand for and what is it?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

It is the minimum level of energy required to sustain life

20
Q

Name 4 factors that affect BMR

A
  • Age
  • Stress
  • Fever
  • Caffeine
21
Q

What nutrient deficiencies may lead to hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin D,

22
Q

What is the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)?

A

TEF is the amount of energy required to digest and process the food you eat.

23
Q

What are the Thermal effects of fats, carbs and proteins?

A 
Fats = 0 - 3%
Carbohydrates = 5 - 10%
Proteins = 20-30%
24
Q

What is de novo lipogenesis (DNL)?

A

The metabolic pathway that synthesises fatty acids from excess carbohydrates

25
Q

What diseases may benefit from a Ketogenic diet?

A

Obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and certain cancers.

Effective in preventing epileptic seizures

26
Q

What are the following digested into?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats

A

Carbohydrates -> Glucose
Proteins -> Amino Acids
Fats -> Fatty acids

27
Q

Name 8 of the hormones/neurotransmitters which affect food intake and state if they increase or decrease appetite.

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) - increases appetite
Cholecystokinin (CCK) - decreases appetite
Insulin - decreases appetite
Glucagon - decreases appetite
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) - decreases appetite
Bombesin - decreases appetite
Ghrelin - increases appetite
Leptin - decreases appetite

28
Q

Why is CCK secreted?

A

It is secreted in the response to food in the duodenum.

Meals rich in protein and fat stimulate CCK more than meals that just contain carbohydrates.

29
Q

What is the role of insulin in the body?

A
  • To lower blood glucose by storing in the muscle tissue and liver as glycogen
  • It is responsible for controlling the storage and release of fatty acids. Fat cannot be stored without insulin.
30
Q

How is storage and release of fatty acids achieved?

A
  1. The regulation of several lipases enzymes

2. The activation of glucose transport into the fat cells via recruitment of glucose-transport protein 4 (GLUT4)

31
Q

Name the roles/metabolic actions of insulin in the body

A
  • Stimulates synthesis of triglycerides from free fatty acids
  • Increases synthesis of liver glycogen
  • Inhibits gluconeogenesis
  • Stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
  • Reduces hunger via hypothalamus
32
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The biosynthesis of glucose from non-glucose precursors

33
Q

What is a typical feature of insulin resistance and what are the side effects of this?

A

Central adiposity is a typical feature and can produce inflammatory cytokines, promoting further hormone resistance, obesity and chronic diseases.

34
Q

How does the liver metabolise fructose differently to glucose?

A

When glycogen stores are full, fructose is converted directly to liver fat.

This can lead to NAFLD, obesity, gout

35
Q

What factors can impact ghrelin secretions?

A

Dysregulated sleep and elevated cortisol can increase secretions

Exercise has been shown to decrease them

36
Q

What are some effects of Leptin Resistance?

A

Excess leptin can modify insulin sensitivity, tissue metabolism, stress responses and reproductive function.

Leptin resistance leads to failure of suppressing the appetite

37
Q

Name some factors that can increase leptin sensitivity:

A
  • Go Gluten-free
  • Reduce sugar consumption
  • Support gut flora with probiotics
  • Reduce inflammation
  • Regular exercise
  • Sleep hygiene
38
Q

List 4 functions of prebiotics in Energy Metabolism

A
  • Promote satiety
  • Reduce hunger
  • Reduce food ingestion
  • Suppress ghrelin
39
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

A non-digestible carbohydrate. that promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

40
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Microorganisms introduced into the body for their beneficial health properties.

41
Q

What are some factors affecting food intake?

A
  • Cultural/social - meal patterns, religious traditions, attitude to food left on plate
  • Sensory - appearance/ smell of food, packaging/advertising, addiction
  • Emotional - stress, sadness, loneliness
  • Other - hormones, disease states, medications, cost
42
Q

What strategies may help maintain stable blood sugars?

A
  • Include protein with every meal
  • Avoid refined carbs/sugar and include more complex carbs/low GI foods
  • Choose organic/whole foods
  • Chew well, eat mindfully, don’t overeat, 3 meals a day
43
Q

Name 5 factors that can hinder weight loss

A
  • Overeating and junk food
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • High blood sugar
  • Chronic stress
  • Poor sleep
44
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption - oxygen intake increases post exercise.

45
Q

Explain what oxygen debt means.

A

This is when an activity performed uses energy faster than the rate at which the body can supply oxygen.

Keira Nutrition 1 S2 (1 decks)

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