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biology 130 - 7 > Energy Flow: Part 2 > Flashcards

Energy Flow: Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

producer

A
  • gets energy from non-living sources
  • also called autotrophs
  • ex: plants, bacteria, & algae
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2
Q

consumer

A
  • gets energy from living or once-living organisms
  • also called heterotrophs
  • ex: animals, most bacteria & fungi
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3
Q

detritivore

A

decomposers who eat only dead material

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4
Q

carnivore

A

eat only animals

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5
Q

herbivore

A

eat only vegitation

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6
Q

explain the difference between how autotrophs and heterotrophs acquire energy.

A

autotrophs: only get their energy from nonliving sources, like the sun. they mainly capture energy through photosynthesis to make simple sugars.

heterotrophs: only get their energy from living or once-living organisms

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7
Q

explain the significance of detritivores (decomposers) in a food chain/food web.

A

detritivores play a vital role in the food chain/web. They are critical in returning nutrients to be recycled, but not the energy.

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8
Q

photosynthesis: source of energy

A

sunlight

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9
Q

photosynthesis: examples

A

plants & cyanobacteria

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10
Q

photosynthesis: equation

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂0 –> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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11
Q

what do photosynthesis and chemosynthesis have in common?

A

both use non-living sources for energy

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12
Q

what do photosynthesis and chemosynthesis have in common?

A

use non-living sources for energy

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13
Q

chemosynthesis: source of energy

A

chemicals, like sulfur and methane

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14
Q

chemosynthesis: examples

A

deep sea vent bacteria

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15
Q

chemosynthesis: equation with sulfur

A

6CO₂ + 18H₂S + 3O₂ –> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 12H₂O + 18S

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16
Q

explain why the pyramid shape is used to represent energy, biomass, and numbers period.

A

energy: represents the energy available at each trophic level; always gets smaller as you go up the pyramid.
#’s: represents the number of organisms at each trophic level; since energy decreases as you go up the pyramid, fewer organisms can be supported.
biomass: represents the total mass of living organic matter at each trophic level

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17
Q

how does energy flow throughout the pyramid?

A

as energy flows from organism to organism, it is used for metabolism and/or converted to heat. because of this, the next organism on the chain only receives 10% of the energy obtained on the previous level.

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18
Q

what is an autotroph?

A

a producer that gets energy from nonliving sources

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19
Q

what types of organisms are at the bottom of the trophic pyramid?

A

producers

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20
Q

what trophic level has access to the most energy?

A

1

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21
Q

what is a heterotroph?

A

a consumer that only gets energy from living or once-living sources

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22
Q

how much energy is “lost” at each trophic level?

A

90%

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23
Q

where does the “lost” energy go?

A

it is metabolized and/or converted to heat

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24
Q

if something is at the top of the pyramid, what eats it?

A

nothing

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25
Q

what is the purpose of photosynthesis?

A

to convert energy into simple sugars

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26
Q

what is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

to convert chemical energy in food to chemical energy stored in ATP

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27
Q

what must your energy from food be converted to in order to be used by your cells?

A

ATP

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28
Q

what are the different trophic levels?

A

(in order from bottom to top)
- producer
- primary consumer
- secondary consumer
- tertiary consumer
- quaternary consumer

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29
Q

cellular respiration

A

process of converting chemical energy in food to chemical energy stored in ATP

30
Q

inner membrane

A

folded membranes (aka: cristae) within the mitochondria

31
Q

matrix

A

fluid-like substance that fills the space within the mitochondria

32
Q

aerobic respiration

A

two-step process to obtain energy when oxygen is present

33
Q

anaerobic

A

process of fermentation to obtain energy when oxygen is not present

34
Q

fermentation

A

process of anaerobic respiration

35
Q

summarize the overall goal of cellular respiration and why the process is necessary for consumers like us

A

goal: convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP.
necessary: we are unable to capture sunlight and make food for ourselves. also, we cannot use glucose directly for energy.

36
Q

cellular respiration: equation

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ –> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

37
Q

difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. include the difference in overall ATP production.

A
  • aerobic: two-step process to obtain energy when oxygen is present
  • anaerobic: process of fermentation to obtain energy when oxygen is not present
  • in aerobic you make 36-38 ATP, while anaerobic makes 2-4 ATP
38
Q

what is the purpose of glycolysis?

A

to break down glucose into 2 pyruvates

39
Q

what is broken down in glycolysis?

A

glucose

40
Q

what is made in glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, & 2 NADH

41
Q

what are the two energy-carrying molecules?

A

ATP & NADH

42
Q

is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

anaerobic

43
Q

another name for the citric acid cycle?

A

the krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs)

44
Q

what is the byproduct of the krebs cycle?

A

CO₂

45
Q

two a molecules from b are chemically converted to make c and two energy-carrying molecules, d and e. these molecules will be sent to the f

A

a. pyruvates
b. glycolysis
c. acetyl-CoA and 2 ATP
d. NADH
e. FADH₂
f. ETC

46
Q

what is the purpose of the etc?

A

use the energy from the NADH and FADH₂ formed in the krebs cycle to make 34 ATP’s

47
Q

what is the byproduct of the ETC?

A

34 ATPS & H₂O

48
Q

lactic acid fermentation: uses

A

pyruvate from glycoysis

49
Q

lactic acid fermentation: makes

A

lactic acid & 2 ATP

50
Q

lactic acid fermentation: ex. organism

A

animals an bacteria

51
Q

alcohol fermentation: uses

A

pyruvate from glycolysis

52
Q

alcohol fermentation: makes

A

alcohol, CO₂, & 2 ATP

53
Q

alcohol fermentation: ex. organism

A

yeast

54
Q

photosynthesis

A

the overall process by which sunlight, H₂O, & CO₂ are chemically converted into chemical energy stored in glucose

55
Q

grana

A

pancake-like stacks of thylakoid membrane

56
Q

stroma

A

fluid-like substance that fills the space between grana

57
Q

chlorophyll

A

pigment that can absorb sunlight

58
Q

photosystems

A

clusters of chlorophyll and protein that trap energy from the sun

59
Q

electron carriers

A

molecules that carry electrons in order to pass on their energy

60
Q

chemosynthesis

A

process of an organism making its own food using chemicals instead of sunlight like it photosynthesis

61
Q

stomata

A

pore on underside of leaf
- plants lose water
- CO₂ enters
O₂ exits

62
Q

photorespiration

A

adds oxygen to calvin cycle instead if CO₂. makes no sugar or ATP (bad/wasteful)

63
Q

summarize where all energy on earth comes from and the overall process it goes through to be in a usable form of ATP for consumers like us.

A

all energy on earth comes from the sun. then producers use that energy. we get energy from the food chain, which we convert that energy in the food to a usable form (during cellular respiration)

64
Q

photosynthesis: equation

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O –> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

65
Q

why are plants green?

A

plants are green because of the presence of chlorophyll. carotenoids absorb every color of light in the sunlight except for green. as a result green is reflected.

66
Q

alternate pathways some plants, like cacti and corn, will take to access energy.

A

CAM:
- ex: cacti
- open stomata at night and closes during the day. less heat so it doesn’t get dehydrated
C₄:
- ex: corn
- partially close stomata during the hottest part of the day to avoid dehydration

67
Q

three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

light intensity: excites more electrons causing light reactions to happen faster
amt of CO₂: more ingredients to work with and process –> slower
temp: an increase in temperature accelerates chemical reactions to slow down to a degree (too hot will denature)

68
Q

what must happen at the light-dependent reaction in order for the light-independent reaction to be able to occur?

A

ATP, NADPH, and H₊ leave the grana & go into the stroma

69
Q

is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

A

endothermic

70
Q

is cellular respiration an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

A

exothermic

biology 130 - 7 (1 decks)

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