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biology 130 - 7 > Energy Flow: Part 2 > Flashcards

Energy Flow: Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

producer

A
  • gets energy from non-living sources
  • also called autotrophs
  • ex: plants, bacteria, & algae
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2
Q

consumer

A
  • gets energy from living or once-living organisms
  • also called heterotrophs
  • ex: animals, most bacteria & fungi
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3
Q

detritivore

A

decomposers who eat only dead material

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4
Q

carnivore

A

eat only animals

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5
Q

herbivore

A

eat only vegitation

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6
Q

explain the difference between how autotrophs and heterotrophs acquire energy.

A

autotrophs: only get their energy from nonliving sources, like the sun. they mainly capture energy through photosynthesis to make simple sugars.

heterotrophs: only get their energy from living or once-living organisms

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7
Q

explain the significance of detritivores (decomposers) in a food chain/food web.

A

detritivores play a vital role in the food chain/web. They are critical in returning nutrients to be recycled, but not the energy.

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8
Q

photosynthesis: source of energy

A

sunlight

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9
Q

photosynthesis: examples

A

plants & cyanobacteria

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10
Q

photosynthesis: equation

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂0 –> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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11
Q

what do photosynthesis and chemosynthesis have in common?

A

both use non-living sources for energy

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12
Q

what do photosynthesis and chemosynthesis have in common?

A

use non-living sources for energy

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13
Q

chemosynthesis: source of energy

A

chemicals, like sulfur and methane

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14
Q

chemosynthesis: examples

A

deep sea vent bacteria

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15
Q

chemosynthesis: equation with sulfur

A

6CO₂ + 18H₂S + 3O₂ –> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 12H₂O + 18S

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16
Q

explain why the pyramid shape is used to represent energy, biomass, and numbers period.

A

energy: represents the energy available at each trophic level; always gets smaller as you go up the pyramid.
#’s: represents the number of organisms at each trophic level; since energy decreases as you go up the pyramid, fewer organisms can be supported.
biomass: represents the total mass of living organic matter at each trophic level

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17
Q

how does energy flow throughout the pyramid?

A

as energy flows from organism to organism, it is used for metabolism and/or converted to heat. because of this, the next organism on the chain only receives 10% of the energy obtained on the previous level.

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18
Q

what is an autotroph?

A

a producer that gets energy from nonliving sources

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19
Q

what types of organisms are at the bottom of the trophic pyramid?

A

producers

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20
Q

what trophic level has access to the most energy?

A

1

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21
Q

what is a heterotroph?

A

a consumer that only gets energy from living or once-living sources

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22
Q

how much energy is “lost” at each trophic level?

A

90%

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23
Q

where does the “lost” energy go?

A

it is metabolized and/or converted to heat

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24
Q

if something is at the top of the pyramid, what eats it?

A

nothing

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25
what is the purpose of photosynthesis?
to convert energy into simple sugars
26
what is the purpose of cellular respiration?
to convert chemical energy in food to chemical energy stored in ATP
27
what must your energy from food be converted to in order to be used by your cells?
ATP
28
what are the different trophic levels?
(in order from bottom to top) - producer - primary consumer - secondary consumer - tertiary consumer - quaternary consumer
29
cellular respiration
process of converting chemical energy in food to chemical energy stored in ATP
30
inner membrane
folded membranes (aka: cristae) within the mitochondria
31
matrix
fluid-like substance that fills the space within the mitochondria
32
aerobic respiration
two-step process to obtain energy when oxygen is present
33
anaerobic
process of fermentation to obtain energy when oxygen is not present
34
fermentation
process of anaerobic respiration
35
summarize the overall goal of cellular respiration and why the process is necessary for consumers like us
goal: convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP. necessary: we are unable to capture sunlight and make food for ourselves. also, we cannot use glucose directly for energy.
36
cellular respiration: equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
37
difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. include the difference in overall ATP production.
- aerobic: two-step process to obtain energy when oxygen is present - anaerobic: process of fermentation to obtain energy when oxygen is not present - in aerobic you make 36-38 ATP, while anaerobic makes 2-4 ATP
38
what is the purpose of glycolysis?
to break down glucose into 2 pyruvates
39
what is broken down in glycolysis?
glucose
40
what is made in glycolysis?
2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, & 2 NADH
41
what are the two energy-carrying molecules?
ATP & NADH
42
is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?
anaerobic
43
another name for the citric acid cycle?
the krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs)
44
what is the byproduct of the krebs cycle?
CO₂
45
two _a_ molecules from _b_ are chemically converted to make _c_ and two energy-carrying molecules, _d_ and _e_. these molecules will be sent to the _f_
a. pyruvates b. glycolysis c. acetyl-CoA and 2 ATP d. NADH e. FADH₂ f. ETC
46
what is the purpose of the etc?
use the energy from the NADH and FADH₂ formed in the krebs cycle to make 34 ATP's
47
what is the byproduct of the ETC?
34 ATPS & H₂O
48
lactic acid fermentation: uses
pyruvate from glycoysis
49
lactic acid fermentation: makes
lactic acid & 2 ATP
50
lactic acid fermentation: ex. organism
animals an bacteria
51
alcohol fermentation: uses
pyruvate from glycolysis
52
alcohol fermentation: makes
alcohol, CO₂, & 2 ATP
53
alcohol fermentation: ex. organism
yeast
54
photosynthesis
the overall process by which sunlight, H₂O, & CO₂ are chemically converted into chemical energy stored in glucose
55
grana
pancake-like stacks of thylakoid membrane
56
stroma
fluid-like substance that fills the space between grana
57
chlorophyll
pigment that can absorb sunlight
58
photosystems
clusters of chlorophyll and protein that trap energy from the sun
59
electron carriers
molecules that carry electrons in order to pass on their energy
60
chemosynthesis
process of an organism making its own food using chemicals instead of sunlight like it photosynthesis
61
stomata
pore on underside of leaf - plants lose water - CO₂ enters O₂ exits
62
photorespiration
adds oxygen to calvin cycle instead if CO₂. makes no sugar or ATP (bad/wasteful)
63
summarize where all energy on earth comes from and the overall process it goes through to be in a usable form of ATP for consumers like us.
all energy on earth comes from the sun. then producers use that energy. we get energy from the food chain, which we convert that energy in the food to a usable form (during cellular respiration)
64
photosynthesis: equation
6CO₂ + 6H₂O --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
65
why are plants green?
plants are green because of the presence of chlorophyll. carotenoids absorb every color of light in the sunlight except for green. as a result green is reflected.
66
alternate pathways some plants, like cacti and corn, will take to access energy.
CAM: - ex: cacti - open stomata at night and closes during the day. less heat so it doesn't get dehydrated C₄: - ex: corn - partially close stomata during the hottest part of the day to avoid dehydration
67
three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
light intensity: excites more electrons causing light reactions to happen faster amt of CO₂: more ingredients to work with and process --> slower temp: an increase in temperature accelerates chemical reactions to slow down to a degree (too hot will denature)
68
what must happen at the light-dependent reaction in order for the light-independent reaction to be able to occur?
ATP, NADPH, and H₊ leave the grana & go into the stroma
69
is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
endothermic
70
is cellular respiration an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
exothermic

biology 130 - 7 (1 decks)

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