Energy Flow & Cycling of Matter In Ecosystems

Question 0

Phototrophs

Answer 0

Use photosynthesis

Green plants, phytoplankton, and algae

Question 1

Autotrophs

Answer 1

Organisms which produce their own food from inorganic molecules.

Question 2

Chemotrophs

Answer 2

Uses chemosynthesis

Deep-sea chemosynthetic bacteria

Question 3

Heterotrophs

Answer 3

Organisms which derive energy from other living organisms (organic)

Question 4

Consumers

Answer 4

Ingest organic matter which is living or recently killed

Question 5

Primary consumer

Answer 5

Eat producers (herbivores)

Question 6

Secondary consumer

Answer 6

Eat other consumers (carnivores, omnivores)

Question 7

Decomposers

Answer 7

Derive energy from non-living matter

Question 8

Detrivores

Answer 8

Ingests non-living organic matter (earthworms, woodlice)

Question 9

Saprotrophs

Answer 9

Lives in or on non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing digestive products (bacteria and fungi)

Question 10

Food chains

Answer 10

Shows flow of energy through the trophic levels of a feeding relationship

Question 11

Tropic level

Answer 11

A feeding level through which energy and matter are transferred; indicates an organism’s position in the food chain.

Question 12

Energy lost in trophic levels

Answer 12

• energy lost to detritus

- energy lost as heat (in the reactions of cellular respiration)

Question 13

Energy

Answer 13

kJ / m2 / year

Question 14

Activities losing heat energy

Answer 14

• food gathering
• growth, repair
• seeking shelter
• reproduction

Question 15

Energy lost to Detritus

Answer 15

• feces
• dead animals
• dead plants

DECOMPOSERS USE THIS AS THEIR ENERGY SOURCE

Question 16

Energy efficiency

Answer 16

Energy available at the start of a tropic level

x 100 = %

Question 17

10% Rule

Answer 17

(Energy passed on is never 100%)

Commonly 10-20%

Question 18

Numbers Pyramid

Answer 18

Measures the number of individual organisms at each trophic level

Question 19

Biomass Pyramid

Answer 19

Measures the dry weight of biological material at each tropic level

Question 20

Energy Pyramid

Answer 20

Measures the energy content at each trophic level (kJ/m2/yr)

Question 21

Advantage of using biomass/energy

Answer 21

• Numbers are misleading

- Biomass can determine actual size

Question 22

Humans eating at lower trophic level

Answer 22

Receiving more energy

Question 23

Nutrients

Answer 23

• energy enters and leaves ecosystems

- nutrients must be recycled: new matter is not created!

Question 24

Organic & inorganic matter that is recycled

Answer 24

• oxygen
• carbon
• nitrogen
• sulfur
• phosphorus
• • water

Question 25

Geological component of cycles

Answer 25

Includes rock and other deposits in the oceans and atmosphere

Question 26

Biological components of cycles

Answer 26

Includes those organisms which in some way help convert one form of the mineral into another and so recycle it. It includes producers, consumers, and especially decomposers.