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energy, etc Flashcards

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1
Q

Bioenergetics is the flow-

A

energy through living systems
Life requires energy

Energy is transferred in living organisms via metabolic reactions

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2
Q

Metabolism is the total-

A

of all chemical reactions of the life process
Controlled by enzymes

Chemical reactions include forming, breaking, and re-arranging chemical bonds

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3
Q

Metabolic pathways are the

A

making or breaking of bonds
Anabolic pathways create bonds and build polymers
Consumes energy

Catabolic pathways break bonds and breaks down polymers to monomers
Releases energy

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4
Q

Thermodynamics is the study

A

energy and energy transfer

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5
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

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6
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy in a system becomes less organized over time (entropy)

Energy input is required to maintain organization

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7
Q

Electro-Magnetic Energy

A

Light (visible spectrum & Non-visible (microwaves, uV, and infra-red)
Heat energy: is in the infra-red spectrum

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8
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy associated with work and motion of a system: sound & waves in the ocean

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9
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy in the system: compressed springs

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10
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy stored in the atoms because of their positions in relation to other atoms (bonds)

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11
Q

Cells must

A

capture, store, and use energy to counteract the effects of the second law of thermodynamics

The reactions to maintain organization are not 100% efficient
Energy lost as heat

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12
Q

enzymes can

A

Enzymes speed up the reaction times by reducing the energy of activation
Enzymes control the speed and direction of the reaction

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13
Q

enzymes also

A

Enzymes binds to chemical reactants called substrates

Enzymes have highly specific locations, called active sites where the substrate binds.

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14
Q

metabolism and enzymes

A

Quantity of enzymes in a cell

Amount of energy

Inhibitors (competitive or noncompetitive)

Activators

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15
Q

Competitive inhibition is

A

when similarly shaped substrates can block the intended substrate from a enzyme

Some drugs and neurotoxins work this way

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16
Q

Allosteric molecules are commonly

A

Cofactors – inorganic ions such as iron, magnesium, and zinc

Coenzymes – organic molecules such as vitamins

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17
Q

Statins can

A

reduce cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme that makes cholesterol from lipids in the body

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18
Q

Acetaminophen (Tylenol

A

inhibits cyclooxygenase
Cox inhibitors – fever and selling reducers

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19
Q

Metabolic or Biochemical pathways are

A

orderly sequences of chemical reactions, mostly catalyzed by enzymes

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20
Q

Biochemical pathways are composed of

A

ezymes that are components in the cells plasma membranes. (remember the endomembrane system)

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21
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

As the concentration of product increases the metabolic pathway is turned off
Use inhibitor molecules
Most common feedback system

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22
Q

Positive Feedback System

A

As the concentration of product increases the metabolic pathway is turned on
Use activator molecules
Least common feedback system

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23
Q

ATP is the source of energy for most metabolic pathways

A

Composed of adenine and ribose (adenosine) and three phosphate groups

One phosphate group is cleaved off to release energy (ADP)
Phosphate can be added on to store energy (ATP)
Cyclic

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24
Q

Cellular respiration

A

a catabolic pathway, uses chemical energy from food molecules to turn ADP back into ATP.

ATP turning into ADP provides the energy to do work for the organism

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25
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + H2O + Energy

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP*

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26
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages

A

Light dependent reactions
Generate energy carriers ATP and NADPH

Light independent reactions
Create sugars via the Calvin Cycle

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27
Q

Pigments transfer the energy from the visible light spectrum

A

into usable energy for metabolic processes
There are primary and secondary pigments

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28
Q

Secondary pigments include:

A

Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e
Carotene a and b
Xanthophylls
Phycoerythrins
Phycoblins

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29
Q

Inside the chloroplasts are the thylakoid discs that

A

“capture” the visible light

They are studded with antenna complexes that are a combination of proteins and pigments.

Each complex can have a different combination of pigments

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30
Q

Light is used to break

A

water (H2O) which releases electrons into the 2 electron transport chain (ETC)

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31
Q

Products of ETS

A

Oxygen, 1 ATP, & 1 NADPH

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32
Q

Carbon dioxide fixation

A

utilizes carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates

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33
Q

Photosynthesis – Light Independent Step 1

A

Carbon fixation by the enzyme RuBisCO
CO2 is attached to organic molecules (RuBP)

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34
Q

Photosynthesis – Light Independent step 2

A

Energy from light dependent reaction is used to create G3P (Glucose-3-Phosphate)
A Reduction Reaction
G3P is a three-carbon sugar
Used to remake RuBP and glucose

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35
Q

Photosynthesis – Light Independent step 3

A

RuBP is regenerated
It requires 6 turns of the Calvin cycle to make 1 glucose
Requires 36 ATP and 24 NADPH total

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36
Q

Calvin-cycle only plants are called

A

C3 plants
First product is a 3-carbon sugar

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37
Q

C4 and CAM plants have evolved

A

alternative forms of photosynthesis that create a 4-carbon sugar and reduce loss to photorespiration

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38
Q

Catabolism are Energy Releasing Reactions
Cellular Respiration

A

1)Glycolysis
2) Oxidation of Pyruvate
(Actyl Co- enzyme A)
3) Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
4) Electron Transport (ETS)

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39
Q

Energy consuming reaction-

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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40
Q

Photosynthesis is the process by

A

which light energy is used to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water; it generates oxygen gas as a by-product

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41
Q

Cellular respiration is the process

A

of releasing energy from food molecules to fuel cellular activities; it generates carbon dioxide and water as by-products.

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42
Q

Four main reactions of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis

Oxidation of pyruvate

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport (ETS)

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43
Q

Anaerobic

A

An Nucleic acid is the H+ & electron acceptor

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44
Q

Aerobic

A

Oxygen is the final H+ & electron acceptor

45
Q

Oxidation

A

the product Loses an electron

46
Q

Reduction:

A

the product Gains an electron

47
Q

Glycolysis

A

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions that break sugar molecules into pyruvates
Takes place in the cytoplasm, outside of the mitochondria
10 steps to glycolysis
Many are intermediate products

Requires 2 ATP to initiate (activation energy) & produces 4 ATP
Net +2 ATP

48
Q

NADPH delivers energy by

A

providing electrons and hydrogen ions to anabolic pathways.

49
Q

NADH picks up electrons and hydrogen ion

A

that have been released from catabolic pathways.

50
Q

NADH and NADPH are the

A

electron acceptors in anaerobic reactions

51
Q

2 pyruvates from glycolysis enter the mitochondria
to what?

A

Combine with coenzyme A (CoA) to create Acetyl CoA

52
Q

Oxidation of Pyruvate

A

The primary substrate
2 Pyruvate molecules ( pyruvic acids)

All of the products
2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Why is this reaction anaerobic?
NAD is the final electron acceptor
4. Note: this is the first of the phases to release CO2

53
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

The primary substrate
2 Acetyl CoA

All of the products
4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Net energy
2 ATP

Why the reaction is anaerobic?
NAD and FAD are used as the final electron acceptors

54
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

It works via a proton gradient

Net energy is 32 ATP molecules

Why the reaction is aerobic?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Oxygen is the final electron (H+) acceptor

55
Q

Cellular Respiration Overview

A

The Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + H2O + Energy

CO2 comes from Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidation of Pyruvate
Water comes from Electron Transport System (ETS)
Energy comes from glycolysis (2), Citric Acid Cycle (2) and ETC (32)

Net Energy
Phosphorylation converts the energy from the reactions in cellular respiration into the average of 36 ATP molecules for all of cellular respiration

56
Q

Fermentation

A

When oxygen isn’t available NAD+ still needs to be regenerated from NADH
Some organisms happily do this (archeans)
But usually a last resort to save itself for most organisms

Fermentation is one method to regenerate NAD

57
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Begins with glycolysis but no acetyl CoA formed
Key products: 2 ATP, 2 CO2, and 2 ethanol molecules

58
Q

Lactic Fermentation

A

Occurs in your muscles when oxygen is running low
Key products: 2 ATP, and 2 lactic acid molecules
No CO2

59
Q

Autotrophs

A

They can produce their own simple sugars from inorganic compounds

60
Q

The biosphere

A

includes all the organisms on Earth, together with the physical environments in which they live.

61
Q

Ecology is the scientific study

A

of interactions between organisms and their biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) environment.

62
Q

A food chain

A

is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another;

63
Q

Mineral Nutrient Cycles

A

Remember those 6 key mineral nutrients
1) Water
1a) Oxygen
2a) Hydrogen
3) Carbon
4) Nitrogen
5) Phosphorus
6) Sulfur

64
Q

Water Cycle

A

Water is essential for all living processes.
The human body is more than one-half water and human cells are more than 70 percent water.
Land animals need a supply of fresh water to survive.
The water on Earth, 97.5 percent is salt water

65
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in living organisms.
Carbon is present in all organic molecules, and its role in the structure of biomolecules is of primary importance to living organisms.
The carbon based biomolecules make up 30% - 50% of the mass of an organism (Biomass)
Carbon compounds contain energy, and many of these compounds from plants and algae have remained stored as fossilized carbon (fossil fuels).

66
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Nitrogen enters the living world via free-living and symbiotic bacteria, which incorporate nitrogen into their macromolecules through nitrogen fixation into NOx (Nitrate & Nitrite) molecules.
NOx molecules are key to the formation of the amino acids and nucleic acids

67
Q

Phosphorus Cycle

A

Phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient (necessary for growth) in aquatic, particularly freshwater, ecosystems.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for living processes; it is a major component of nucleic acids and phospholipids, and, as calcium phosphate, makes up the supportive components of our bones.
Phosphorus occurs in nature as the phosphate ion (PO4 ).

68
Q

Sulfur Cycle

A

Sulfur is an essential element for the macromolecules of living things.
It is involved in the formation of proteins and nucleic acids
Atmospheric sulfur is found in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), which enters the atmosphere in three ways:
from the decomposition of organic molecules
from volcanic activity and geothermal vents
from the burning of fossil fuels by humans.

69
Q

Climate

A

is defined as the prevailing weather conditions experienced in a region over relatively long periods of time.

70
Q

The weather

A

is the conditions of the atmosphere in one area at a particular time.

71
Q

Earth has six giant convection cells

A

in which warm, moist air rises and cool, dry air sinks, generating relatively consistent wind pattern

72
Q

the Coriolis effect

A

Because of Earth’s rotation, winds appear to curve as they travel near Earth’s surface, a phenomenon known as

73
Q

prevailing winds.

A

Winds usually blow from a consistent direction in a given location and are called

74
Q

Biomes can

A

be categorized based on the unique climatic and ecological features of each such region.

75
Q

Terrestrial biomes are

A

land biomes and are usually named after the dominant vegetation in the area.

76
Q

Aquatic biomes

A

are found in water and are classified on the basis of physical and chemical features, such as salt content.

77
Q

The Arctic tundra

A

covers nearly one-fourth of Earth’s land surface; it is frozen 10 months of the year and receives less precipitation than many of the world’s deserts.

78
Q

Permafrost

A

permanently frozen soil found below the surface layers of the tundra.

79
Q

The boreal forest

A

the largest terrestrial biome and includes the sub-Arctic landmass immediately south of the tundra.

80
Q

Temperate deciduous forests

A

occur in regions with a distinct winter that lasts 4–5 months and precipitation that is distributed evenly through much of the year.

81
Q

The grassland biome

A

found in both temperate and tropical latitudes.

82
Q

The chaparral Biome

A

characterized by cool, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, and dominated by dense growths of scrub oak and other drought-resistant plants.

83
Q

The desert biome

A

makes up one-third of Earth’s land surface and is defined by its lack of precipitation.

84
Q

The tropical forest biome

A

characterized by warm temperatures and about 12 hours of daylight year-round.

85
Q

Wetlands and estuaries

A

are often destroyed by humans to allow for development projects, while other aquatic biomes are negatively affected by pollution or erosion in the surrounding terrestrial environment.

86
Q

Wetlands

A

characterized by standing water shallow enough that rooted plants emerge above the water surface.

87
Q

Rivers and streams

A

are bodies of fresh water whose physical characteristics tend to change along their length and that move continuously in a single direction.

88
Q

Lakes and ponds

A

are found in terrestrial landscapes and are therefore connected with abiotic and biotic factors influencing these terrestrial biomes. Lakes are defined as being greater than 5 acres

89
Q

Marine biomes

A

are strongly influenced by climate, which helps determine factors like the temperature, depth, and salt content of the oceans.

90
Q

An estuary

A

is a region where a river empties into the sea and is the shallowest of the marine ecosystems.
Salty water and fresh water mix daily
As a result, estuaries are some of the most productive ecosystems in the world.

91
Q

The Intertidal Region

A

habitat to numerous types of small organisms. The intertidal zone is the region of land below water at high tides and above water at low tides. This region is also called the seashore and foreshore, and sometimes the littoral zone

92
Q

The Neritic Zone

A

The neritic zone extends from the margin of the intertidal zone to depths of about 200 m (or 650 ft) at the edge of the continental shelf. When the water is relatively clear, photosynthesis can occur in the neritic zone. The water contains silt and is well-oxygenated, low in pressure, and stable in temperature. These factors all contribute to the neritic zone having the highest productivity and biodiversity of the ocean.

93
Q

The Oceanic Zone

A

The Oceanic Zone is the open ocean . The oceanic zone has significant stratification.

94
Q

What is a key role of NAD and FAD in cellular respiration?

A

To initiate enzyme activity

95
Q

Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide in which phases?

A

oxidation of pyruvate & Citric acid cycle

96
Q

Enzymes control ________________.

A

The speed and direction of a metabolic reaction

97
Q

When a biochemical pathways activity is increased as a concentration of product increases; the feedback system is:

A

positive

98
Q

The primary pigment of photosynthesis is _____.

A

chlorophyll a

99
Q

NADP and FADH functions in metabolism as ______.

A

H+ and electron carriers in the ETS systems

100
Q

All of the chemical reactions of the life process are controlled by___.

A

enzymes

101
Q

__________ covers several levels of the biological hierarchy: individual organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere.

A

Ecology

102
Q

A ________________is a concept that accounts for the multiple trophic (feeding) interactions between each species and the many species it may feed on, or that feed on it

A

Food Web

103
Q

The carbon based biomolecules make up 30% - 50% of the ________ of an organism

A

Biomass

104
Q

_____________ is defined as the prevailing weather conditions experienced in a region over relatively long periods of time.

A

Climate

105
Q

_______________________ occur in regions with a distinct winter that lasts 4–5 months and precipitation that is distributed evenly through much of the year.

A

Temperate deciduous forests

106
Q

The _________ is a region where a river empties into the sea and is the shallowest of the marine ecosystems.

A

estuary

107
Q

Earth has 6 ___________ in which warm, moist air rises and cool, dry air sinks, generating relatively consistent wind patterns.

A

convection cells

108
Q
A

bio 101 test 2 (1 decks)

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