Energy & BMI shit Flashcards
Diff btw exergonic and endergonic reaction
Exer>> energy released greater than energy input G<0 Endergonic>> opposite G>0
What type of energy is needed to drive all energy requiring activities in the cell?
Chemical bond energy &; it is used directly without it converting into heat!
What is the BMR?
what is it mainly controlled by?
How can u calculate BMR?
Why is the BMR lower for women?
What r the major tossues that contribute to the BMR.
Basal metabolic rate= measure of basal energy required to maintain life functioning of the various tissues of the body.
- Thyroid hormones.
- (BMR =100 X total body wight in Kg)
- Bc they have more adipose tissue and r less metabolically active than men.
- Heart -Liver -Skeletal muscle -CNS
What r the major tossues that contribute to the BMR.
-Heart -Liver -Skeltetal muscle -CNS
What could cause an increase in the BMR?
BMR increases by 10% for every 1*C in the body. -hyperthyroidism -preganancy & lactation
What r the 2 major energy containing components of our diet
Fat and carbs
How much percentage should we be eating from each food group
Fats= 30% Carbs=55% Protein=15%
Although fat isnt an ABSOLUTE requirment as an energy source in the diet? Why is it still important
-it gives wayy more energy than carbs does, so if u were on a fat free diet, u would eat twice the amount of normal food -fat is needed for the absorbtion of fat soluble vitamens A-K-E-D -fatty acids r structural compoennt of cell membranes & precursors of importmsmt regulatory molecules, that r not made by body and must be consumed
How much percent is the body weight composed of water? And how many L of water does the body loose each day? And in what ways is water lost?
50-60% Loses 2.5 L Feces Urine Skin Expired air
What is body weight determined by?
Diff btw th einput of substances in the body and the output and energy from the body
How do u calculate the BMI? (Know the values)
Weight (kg) / height (m^2)
What is the waist to hip ratio? What is it for M vs F
A measure for obesity and risk of CVS, Waist circumference/ hip circum. =ratio MALES >0.90 FEMALES> 0.85
Explain why starvation is not a solution to weight loss? And will u lose weight? How fast?
U get a reduction in liver GLYCOGEN stores that r needed to provide glucose to the brain! Since the glycogen stores have more water than fat, At first, u will loose the weight quite rapidly by easily losing the water. Then when the glycogen stores have all been used up, fat is now mobilised. ALSO protein metabolism will increas, so they can maintain glucose levels (by converting amino acids into glucose!) therefore lean body mass will decrease. Also liver will start to convert fatty acids into KETONE BODIES to fuel the CNS, and this will eventually disrupt the Ph levels and lead to dehydration
What does malabsorption mean?
Failure to to digest or absorb ingested nutrients
What is marasmus?
Type of protein-energy malnutrition seen in children under 5, child looks tooo thin, hair is thin and dry, dihorrea is most common may have anemia, obvious muscle wasting
What is Kwashiokor?
Young child removed from breastfeeding and is fed with a high carb diet and low protien content.
- anorexic
- lethargic
- generalised edema -
distended abdomen oweing to hepatomegaly
- ascites (edemous stomach)
- serum albumin is low
- anemia
Kwashiokor=eodema
Why do those with Kwashiokor develop oedema?
Not enough amino acids in liver to make plasma proteins >>Low plasma proteins >>low oncotic pressure >> net flow of fluid to interstitium increases (water wants to move to an area where there is more protein, so it’ll ditch the plasma and go to the interstitium cause edmea)
Define catabolism and explain how it differs from anabolism?
Explain why catabolism is generally inhibited by high-energy signals and activated by low-energy signals.
Cata>> series of process that cleave large macromolecules to release energy
(ATP, NADH, FADH2)
they r oxidative (release H atoms)
bc catabolism a9lan releases high energy signals, & this feedbacks on it by inhibiting it!
Oxidation vs reduction
Oxidation>> addition of O or removal of H atom Reduction>> opposite All oxidation reaction r followed by reduction reaction ( REDOX reactions)
Standard unit for energy
Joule
Why can alchohol gain u weight
It can quickly be converted into adipose stores, It got mor pe calories than carbs!
What does isothermal mean?
We r isothermal, we cannot use heat to form energy
Exergonic vs endergonic
Exergonic release energy ( to give it to the ) Endergonic need energy
What is role of Vitamen B in redox reactions
It takes the H atom to the NAD! ( example here)
Function of adenylate kinase?
An ezyme in when energy comcemtrations start to fall, and we atart making ADP, it can take 2 ADP molecules and convert them to 1 ATP & 1 AMP.
High energy signals vs low energy signals
High>> ATP, NADH, FADH2 Low>> amp
When energy exceeds demands, like if weyre running suddenly fast, we need a reserve of high energy store that we can use immediately, what is that store
CREATININE PHOSPHATE acts as a store for free energy
Why does low protein intake cause a fatty liver?
Inability to synthesize essential proteins to transport fat around the body, fats accumalate in liver >> fatty liver
What does fatty infiltration in a pateints liver suggest about their liver function?
Cholestrol is broken down in liver, if liver is not working, it will accumalate in smooth muscle cells and cause atherosclerotic plaques. Liver also makes albumin, if liver isnt working, no albumin is made
What is the main convergence point for catobolism pathwayys amd anabolic
AceTyl CoA
what is the fate of protein supplied in excess of body intermediate requirements?
liver working really hard due to lots of proteins, can’t convert ammonia to urea, leads to ammonia toxification
why would malnourished kids be more susceptible to infection?
immune system is made up of proteins.
why is feeling protein rich food bad to those kids who have been starved?
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why do those fed with proetin poor diet develop swollen abdomens?
Not enough amino acids in liver to make plasma proteins >>Low plasma proteins >>low oncotic pressure >> net flow of fluid to interstitium increases (water wants to move to an area where there is more protein, so it’ll ditch the plasma and go to the interstitium cause edmea)
catabolic pathways r oxidative or reductive?
oxidative
write the correct term: involves synthesis of larger molecules from intermediary metabolites
anabolic pathway
which phosphate group on ATP is hydrolysed when energy is needed to drive cellular work?
y-phosphate
in redox reaction, does oxidation involve removal or gain of electrons?
GAIN
OIL RIG Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain of electrons
reminder ;p
which substance is used to supply the ETC w/ HIGH energy electrons?
NADH
which if the following is considered a high energy signal? ADP, NAD+, NADH, FAD
NADH
when tap levels r high, energy must be temporarily stored in which substance?
phosphocreatine
Explain the difference & functions btw Creatinine, Creatine, phosphocreatinine.
phosphocreatinine>> stores energy which can be used in first few seconds of vigorous excerxcise
Creatinine>> has no function in the body, excreted by the kidneys. BUTTT rate of production of creatinine is proportional to the concentration of creatine in muscle and this is related to skeletal muscle mass.
Daily excretion of creatinine > indicator of skeletal muscle mass (^ excretion of creatinine= indicate muscle wasting.)
Measurements of creatinine in blood and urine> indicator kidney function.
which substance can be used as a marker for MI
creatine kinase, troponin
Explain, in outline, why cardiac arrest affects the heart and central nervous system more rapidly than it affects skeletal muscle.
Cardiac muscle and the cns are functionally highly specialized tissues that do not contain significant stores of fuel or oxygen. they have very limited capacity for anaerobic metabolism. they require a continuous supply of fuel and oxygen that comes to them via the circulatory system.
In which type of reaction would the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) be less than zero ?
exergonic
Grave’s disease, describe levels of TSH, T3, T4, and goitre
Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease resulting from the production of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs). These stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) resulting in an increase. TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland would be decreased due to the negative feedback exerted by increased T3 and T4
learn BMI VALUES ALAA
ok
Which neurotransmitter is released from primary neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to supress appetite
β-endorphin and αMSH
Define energy & give approximate values to the (3) components of your daily energy expenditure.
Energy: The capacity to do work
Daily energy expenditure of 70kg adult male would be 12,000kJ and that of a 58kg adult female 9,500kJ.
- This daily energy expenditure has 3 components:
1. Energy to support our basal metabolism - (BMR).
(BMR = 100 X weight in kg)
- Energy for voluntary physical activities.
- Energy required to process the food we eat (diet-induced thermogenesis).
What are the essential components of a normal healthy diet? Explain why they are essential. (5)
Carbohydrate – provides energy needed for cell function.
Protein - needed to supply essential a.a.
Vitamins & Minerals - needed to prevent signs and symptoms of deficiency states.
Lipid - needed to supply essential fatty acids, reduces bulk of diet.
Water - needed to replace water lost in swe
Explain the clinical consequences of protein and energy deficiency in humans
AA are crucial for the normal structure and function of the body.
They are the building blocks of proteins and are used in the synthesis of compounds:
- Growth failure (height and weight below normal).
- Impaired physical development (tiredness, weakness and
due to reduced muscle mass).
- Impaired mental development (low IQ).
- Negative nitrogen balance due to Nin < Nout
- Oedema> reduced albumin synthesis .
- Increased risk of infection> reduced immunoglobulin synthesis.
- Anaemia> reduced Hb synthesis.
- Fatty liver> lipoprotein synthesis
Name the aa which are structural components of cell membranes & is not made by the body and must be consumed
linoleic and linolenic acids
Define obesity. List 4 chronic diseases for which obesity is a risk factor.
Obesity= a chronic condition characterised by excess body fat.
A individual with a BMI of ≥30 is considered to be obese.
Obesity is a risk factor for:
hypertension, CVD, type 2 diabetes, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis & cancer.
Define cell metabolism, explain its functions and understand the relationship between catabolism and anabolism.
Metabolism is the set of processes which derive energy and raw materials from food stuffs and use them to support repair, growth and activity of the tissues of the body to sustain life.
Define the term homeostasis
The control of the internal environment within set limits – a dynamic equilibrium.
