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Nutrition Exam 3 > Energy Balance & Body Composition > Flashcards

Energy Balance & Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thermic effect of food/what are the components of energy output?

A

Our energy output - energy used in digestion, absorption, metabolism & storage of nutrients from food

**Metabolism (energy we use to breathe, regulate body temp, heart beat)

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2
Q

What is an example of food with a low energy density? How does this affect feeling of fullness?

A

Vegetables/high fiber foods!

Increases satiation & satiety

(foods that provide less kcal/gram of food consumed)

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3
Q

How much of the body’s total energy expenditure is represented by the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

A

60-70%

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4
Q

Which type of adipose tissue can be broken down faster for use in thermogenesis?

A

Brown adipose

Highest percentages in babies, in adults it depends on location/gender/BMI (usually adults in cold climates with healthy BMI)

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5
Q

In adipotoxicity, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and Resistin stimulate what process?

A

Lipolysis

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6
Q

What is lipotoxicity?

A

Accumulation of free fatty acids in non-adipose tissue

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7
Q

How do you diagnose someone with metabolic syndrome?

A

Need 3/5 components:

  • low HDL
  • high BP
  • insulin resistance (>110)
  • high triglycerides
  • high waist circumference

If patient is on medications to regulate BP, they only need 2/5

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8
Q

What hormone controls hunger?

A

Ghrelin (controlled by hypothalamus)

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9
Q

How do energy from heat combustion, digestible energy, and metabolizable energy differ?

A

Metabolizable energy < Digestible energy < Energy from Heat combustion

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10
Q

What is the difference between appetite and hunger?

A

Appetite - desire to eat

Hunger - need to eat

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11
Q

What foods have a higher energy density? How does this affect the feeling of fullness?

A

Starchy foods, pizza, fructose
(foods that provide more kcal/g of food consumed)

Decrease satiation & satiety

**Strong satiety effect once it reaches the SI

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12
Q

What is the BMR (basal metabolic rate)?

A

Energy required to maintain life when body is at rest

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13
Q

What are the major factors affecting BMR?

A

Higher BMR: males, tall/thin people, PMS hormones, Caffeine, fever, stress, extreme temperatures

Decreased BMR: fatty tissue, old age

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14
Q

How much of the body’s TEE is represented by the Thermic affect of food (TEF)?

A

10%

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15
Q

What major factors affect TEF?

A

Meal composition:

  • Proteins>Carbs>Lipids
  • Spicy foods increase metabolism by 33% for 3 hours after meal

Meal timing - energy expenditure is raised 30-90 min after a meal

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16
Q

What is the difference between AT and NEAT?

A

AT = energy use during fitness exercise

NEAT = activities of daily living and energy expended during leisure activities (gum chewing)

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17
Q

What factors affect AT?

A

Body size
Fitness level
EPOC = Increased metabolic rate that occurs after exercise has ceased

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18
Q

What is the TEF of protein?

A

20-30% increased energy expendeture

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19
Q

What is the TEF of lipids?

A

0-5% increased E

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20
Q

What is the TEF of carbs?

A

5-10% increased E

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21
Q

What is the TEF in a mixed macronutrient meal?

A

10%

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22
Q

Describe the progression of positive energy balance in overnutrition.

A
  1. Fill glycogen stores
  2. Excess carbs turned into FA
  3. Dietary fat stored in adipocytes
  4. Less lipolysis
  5. Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia of adipocytes
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23
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia in relation to adipocytes?

A

Hypertrophy - increase in size of adipocytes
Max size = 1mcg of fat/cell

Hyperplasia - increase in number of adipocyres

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24
Q

T/F: Lipoprotein lipase is more active in obese individuals than lean individuals.

A

True

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25
Where is lipoprotein lipase more active in males vs females?
Males - abdomen Females - Breasts, hips, thighs
26
What is the difference between 'apple' and 'pear' shape?
Apple - MC in males, android-type obesity, more visceral fat, associated with more health risks Pear - MC in females, gynoid-type obesity
27
What are the characteristics of white adipose (WAT)?
Unilocular adipocyte Release FFA when needed Visceral & subcutaneous
28
What are the characteristics of brown adipose (BAT)?
Multilocular adipocyte Quick-access fuel for thermogenesis High rates of active uncoupling proteins
29
What is beige fat?
ALL adipose tissue has genes for BAT that can be accessed via cold stimulus in subcutaneous WAT
30
T/F: BMI is a measure of body fat.
False - measure of appropriate weight based on height
31
What is the range for a healthy BMI?
18.5-24.9
32
What BMI is considered overweight?
25+
33
What BMI is considered severely thin?
<16
34
What are the 3 BMI categories for obesity?
Obese 1: 30-34.9 Obese 2: 35-39.9 Obese 3: 40+
35
What are 3 better indicators of health (instead of BMI)?
Waist circumference (WC) Waist to hip ratio (WHR) Waist to height ratio (WHtR)
36
What do you measure for a waist measurement?
Smallest part/halfway between iliac crest & bottom of lowest rib
37
What do you measure for a hip measurement?
Measured at largest part, standing, without tissue indentation
38
What is the healthy waist circumference?
Males - 40" or less | Females - 35" or less
39
What is the healthy WHR?
Males - 0.95" or less | Females - 0.80" or less
40
What is the healthy WHtR?
<0.5
41
What comprises fat mass?
Essential fat | Storage fat
42
What comprises fat-free mass/lean body mass?
Bone Muscle Fluid
43
T/F: Subcutaneous fat is easier to lose than visceral fat.
False! Very metabolically active, Increases lipotoxicity due to increased LPL activity
44
What is the difference between adipotoxicity and lipotoxicity?
Adipotoxicity - Neg effects of storage of excess fat in adipose tissue Lipotoxicity - Neg effects of storage of excess fat in non-adipose tissue
45
What adipokine causes insulin resistance?
TNF-alpha Also promotes beta cell apoptosis & stimulates lipolysis
46
What adipokine protects against beta cell apoptosis?
IL-6
47
What adipokine inhibits insulin release from beta cells?
Leptin **Leptin resistance seen in many obese people
48
Which adipokine is decreased in obesity?
Adiponectin **Induces insulin sensitivity in muscle/adipose
49
Which adipokine is increased in obseity?
Resistin **Decreases muscle ability to take up FA
50
How does the pancreas react to lipotoxicity?
beta cell failure
51
How does the liver react to lipotoxicity?
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
52
How do the muscles react to lipotoxicity?
Insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes)
53
How does the heart react to lipotoxicity?
Heart disease
54
How is endothelium vasoconstriction affected by lipotoxicity?
HTN
55
What pathway is decreased in lipotoxicity?
Beta-oxidation
56
What are the pros/cons of using skinfold thickness to measure body composition?
Pros: Fast, inexpensive, noninvasive, user-friendly Cons: less precise, only measures subcutaneous fat
57
What are the pros/cons of using underwater weighing to measure body comp?
Pros: fairly accurate Cons: Expensive, some error in calculations for density
58
What are the pros/cons of using bioelectric impedance to measure body comp? (Fat = poor conductor, muscle/organs = good conductors)
Pros: cheap, fast Cons: less precise, more error, patient must be well hydrated, no caffeine/alcohol 24 hours prior, must not have exercised for 4-6 hours
59
What are the pros/cons of using air displacement?
Pros: quick, portable Cons: expensive, less accurate than underwater weighing or DEXA
60
What are the pros/cons of using DEXA?
Pros: Accurate, reproducible, also determines bone density Cons: expensive, requires training, x-ray exposure,
61
What are the pros/cons of using MRI?
Pros: accurate, reproducible Cons: expensive, time consuming
62
What are the pros/cons of using waist circumference?
Pros: cheap, fast Cons: More error/less precise

Nutrition Exam 3 (2 decks)

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