Energy Balance and Metabolism I - Lec16 Flashcards
What is free energy? exergonic reactions? endergonic reactions?
difference in free energy when 1 mole of each reactant is converted to 1 mole of each product at standard (I atm pressure at 25 C)
left over energy after a balanced reaction takes place
-G - exergonic reaction
+G - endergonic reaction
how is free energy related to ATP breakdown?
you get -12,000 cal/mole of free energy from ATP
pathway for glycolysis, where is ADP and ATP found in the pathway? Where does galactose and glucose enter?
monosaccarides are interconvertable
galactose enters upstream of glucose as galactose-1-phosphate and is concerted into glucose
glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase uses ATP
then from Fructose-6-P to Frutose-1,6-diphosphate then G3P
use 2 ADP for 1,3-diphosphoglygerate and at phosophenolpyruvic acid into pyruvate
Glucose uptake
sodium-glucose co-transport
facilitated transport - concentration gradient
insulin increase glucose transport 10x
phosphorylation of glucose prevents it from leaving the cell
the phosphorylation can be reversed in liver, renal and intestinal cells.
what are the major steps of glycogensis and glycogenolysis? What are the enzymes?
enzymes: glucokinase - phosphorylation of glucose, phosphatase - removes phosphate, phosphoylase - catalyzes production of Glucose-1-P from glycogen
Epinephrine and Glucagon activate glycogen phosphorylase
- promotes breakdown of glycogen
- release of glucose into blood
what are the end products of glycolysis?
4 ATP - 2 net ATP
2 Pyruvate
4 H+
what are the end products of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
2 acetyl-CoA, 4 H+ and 2 CO2
what is the fate of pyruvic acid without oxygen?
lactic acid formation?
What are the intermediates (and main steps) of the Citric Acid Cycle
16 hydrogens, 2 ATP and 4 CO2
acetyl-coa combines with oxolacetate and makes citrate ->->-> alpha-ketogluterate->-> fumerate->-> oxaloacetate
define oxidative phosphorylation and where does it occur?
on mitochondrial cristae
making water out of O2, while pumping electrons to make ATP by ATP synthase
what happens to the hydrogen atoms and electron generated during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
hydrogens added to NAD+
electrons go through the electron transport chain
what are the components of the ETC?
flavoprotein ion sulfide proteins ubiquinone (Q) Cytochrome C -2 e- to O2
what is the pentose phosphate pathway? what is it for?
cyclic pathway, one molecule of glucose is used for every 6 that fo through
used for synthesis and NADPH
how are triglycerides processed from glucose?
with NADPH and Acetyl-CoA
