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Physiology II Exam 2 > Energy Balance And Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy Balance And Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What uses ATP?

A
  • active ion transport
  • muscle contraction
  • synthesis of molecules
  • cell division and growth
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2
Q

What is the definition of delta G?

A

-difference in free energy when 1 mole of each reactant is converted to 1 mole of each product at 1 atm pressure at 25 degrees Celsius

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3
Q

What is the amount of energy released by ATP? Under normal conditions in the body?

A
  • -7300cal/mol

- -12,000cal/mol

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4
Q

What are the two ways that glucose is transported into tissue cells?

A

-via active sodium-glucose cotransport
+active transport of sodium provides energy for absorbing glucose against a concentration gradient

-via facilitated transport
+only transported from higher to lower concentrations

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5
Q

What can affect glucose transport?

A
  • presence of insulin increases glucose transport 10x
  • phosphorylation of glucose prevents diffusion out of cell
  • phosphorylation can be revered in liver, renal, and intestinal cells
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6
Q

What are factors that active phosphorylase?

A
  • epinephrine (from adrenal medulla)

- glucagon(from alpha cells of pancreas)

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7
Q

What are some effects of phosphorylase?

A
  • promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose

- glucose can then be released into blood

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8
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvic acid
  • 4 hydrogens -> release is catalyzes by dehydrogenase
  • 2 ATP
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9
Q

What are the end products when pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA?

A
  • 2 acetyl CoA
  • 4 hydrogens
  • 2 CO2
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10
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

-occurs in mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

What are the ends products of the citric acid cycle?

A
  • 16 hydrogens
  • 2 ATP
  • 4 CO2
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12
Q

What is the net reaction of TCA?

A

2 acetyl CoA + 6H2O + 2ADP -> 4CO2 + 16H + 2CoA + 2ATP

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13
Q

Where does oxphos occur?

A

-mitochondrial cristae

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14
Q

What are the fates if the hydrogen atoms from previous cycles?

A
  • hydrogens are removed in pairs
  • one member of each pair becomes H+
  • the other member of a pair combines with NAD+ -> NADH
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15
Q

What happens to the electrons removed from the hydrogen ions?

A

-enter the electron transport chain

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16
Q

What are the major components of the electron transport chain?

A
  • flavoprotein
  • several iron sulfide proteins
  • ubiquinone (Q)

-cytochrome A3 (cytochrome oxidase)
+located on inner membrane
+can give up electrons to oxygen

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17
Q

Outline the chemiosmotic mechanism.

A
  • electrons pass through chain, releasing large amounts of energy
  • energy is used to pump H+ from inner matrix into outer chamber between innate and outer membranes
  • high conc of H+ created in chamber
  • strong negative potential created in inner matrix
  • H+ flow from high to low conc through ATP synthetase
  • energy derived from H+ flow is used by ATPase to convert ADP to ATP
  • for each 2 electrons that pass through the electron transport chain, up to 3 ATP molecules are synthesized
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18
Q

2 pairs of hydrogens derived from where enter the electron transport chain at a later point and provide energy for 2 molecules per pair

A

TCA cycle

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19
Q

What are the number of ATPs formed per glucose molecule?

A
  • 2 ATPs from glycolysis
  • 2 ATPs from TCA cycle
  • 34 ATPs from oxphos
  • max number of ATPs/glucose = 38
  • 456,000cal/mol glucose -> 66% efficiency
20
Q

How do you get ATP?

A

-oxidation of proteins, carbs, and fats

21
Q

What is the PPP?

A

Cyclical pathway in which one molecule of glucose is metabolized for each revolution of e cycle

  • for every 6 glucose that enter, 5 are resynthesized
  • mostly used for the synthesis of fats and other substances
  • hydrogen sulfide generated from this pathway are bound to NADP+
  • participates in the conversion of acetyl CoA into FA chains
22
Q

What happens with the storage of glucose in the body?

A
  • glucose is preferentially stored as glycogen until the storage cells (liver and muscle) are saturated
  • excess glucose is then converted into fat and stored in fat cells
23
Q

Describe triglyceride absorption from the intestine.

A
  • triglycerides into monoglycerides and FAs
  • intestinal epithelial cells resynthesized these into triglycerides that enter the lymph as chylomicrons
  • apoprotein B is absorbed to the chylomicrons surface
  • transported to the venous system via thoracic duct
24
Q

What removes chylomicrons from the body?

A
  • adipose tissue
  • skeletal muscle
  • heart
25
Q

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

A
  • is transported to surface of capillary epithelial cells

- hydrolyzes chylomicron triglycerides, releasing FAs and glycerol

26
Q

All normal energy requirements of the body can be provided by the oxidation of _______________ without using ________ or ________ as energy sources.

A
  • FAs

- carbs or proteins

27
Q

What are two conditions that increase utilization of fat for energy?

A
  • starvation

- diabetes mellitus

28
Q

What are the two types of chylomicrons? Aka where are they synthesized?

A

-synthesized in intestinal cells
+chylomicrons

-synthesized by the liver
+VLDLs, IDLs, LDLs, HDL

29
Q

What is in VLDLs?

A
  • high conc of triglycerides and moderate amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids
  • transport lipids mainly from liver to adipose tissue
30
Q

What is in LDLs?

A

High conc of cholesterol and moderate conc of phospholipids

31
Q

What is in HDLs?

A

High conc of proteins and low conc of cholesterol and FAs

32
Q

What cells don’t use FAs for energy?

A

RBCs and brain tissue

33
Q

What is glycerol converted to?

A

Glycerol 3 phosphate

34
Q

FAs are converted into acetyl CoA in the mirochondria. How is this accomplished?

A

Beta oxidation

  • carnivore is used as a carrier into the mitochondria
  • acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle by binding to oxaloacetic acid
  • Hs enter the chemiosmotic oxidative system
35
Q

What are the products from beta oxidation of one molecule of stearin acid?

A
  • 9 acetyl CoA molecules

- 146 ATP

36
Q

What do the acetyl CoAs form?

A
  • 2 condense to form acetoacetic acid

- some is converted to B hydrobutyric acid and acetone

37
Q

What are some examples of ketone bodies? What do these do?

A
  • acetoacetic acid
  • acetone
  • hydroxyl uterine acid

-diffuse back into cells and are converted into acetyl CoA

38
Q

What is it called when there is a amount of ketone bodies in the blood?

A

Ketosis

39
Q

What are some conditions favoring Ketosis?

A
  • starvation
  • diabetes
  • diet composed almost entirely of fat
40
Q

What is involved in the synthesis of FAs?

A

Malonyl CoA and NADPH

41
Q

What is the importance of fat synthesis?

A
  • more fate can be stored in tissues than carbs

- weight for weight fat contains 2.5x more energy than carbs

42
Q

Explain the development of an atherosclerotic plaque.

A
  1. Damage to the vascular endothelium increases the expression of adhesion molecules and decreases release of NO that prevent adhesion
  2. Circulating monocytes and LDLs accumulate at injury site
  3. Monocytes cross endothelium and enter intima to become macrophages
  4. Macrophages ingest lipoproteins and become foam cells, forming visible fatty streaks
  5. Fatty streaks grow larger and coalesce
  6. Surrounding fibrous and smooth muscle tissue proliferates and forms large plaques
43
Q

What can large plaques do?

A
  • occlude lumen
  • become sclerotic or fibrotic
  • may become calcified
44
Q

What are the basic causes of atherosclerosis?

A
  • increased LDLs

- familial hypercholesterolemia

45
Q

What can HDLs do to plaques?

A

May be able to absorb cholesterol crystals that get deposited in arterial walls

Physiology II Exam 2 (6 decks)

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