Energy and Respiration Flashcards
respiration releases
energy to do work
need for energy in living organisms
1) transport across membranes
2) mechanical work
3) metabolism
4) endotherms/ectotherms
5) Bioluminescence
need for energy in living organisms for transport across membranes
1) active transport (Na+ K+ pump neuron)
2) exocytosis of digested bacteria in WBC
3) secretion of enzymes. example: amylase from salivary glands
4) secretion of hormones. example: insulin from pancreas
5) secretion of antibodies from plasma cells
endotherms
warm-blooded
ectotherms
cold-blooded
need for energy in living organisms for mechanical work (movement)
1) contraction of muscles
2) flagella/cilia movement
3) chromosome movement with spindle
4) vesicle movement on cytoskeleton
need for energy in living organisms for metabolism ( anabolism)
1) DNA replication
2) making proteins from amino acids
3) making of glycogen
4) making of triglycerides
5) transcription /transalation
where is the energy used in protein synthesis
unwinding of DNA
activated RNA nucleotides
peptide bonds
need for energy in living organisms for endotherms/ectotherms
temperature regulation
why glucose does not burn spontaneously
glucose is quite stable, because of activation energy that has to be added before any reaction takes place
in living organisms, the activation energy is overcome by lowering it using enzymes and phosphorylation
direct combustion of sugar
a cell has got energy
yielding reactions (EYR) and energy requiring reactions (ERR)
Energy coupling occurs when the energy
produced by one reaction is used to drive another reaction
energy released in EYR is
used to drive ERR
connection between EYR and ERR is called
coupling
EYR and ERR are in
the same cell
ATP full form
Adenosine triphosphate
ADP full form
Adenosine Diphosphate
AMP full form
Adenosine Monophosphate
ATP is not an
energy store
ATP is an
immediate source and intermediate molecule
when energy is needed ATP is
hydrolyzed to ADP
ATP-> ADP -> AMP ->A
starving so molecule gets used up again
A living cell cannot store
significant amounts of free energy
ATP Is the universal
energy currency of the cells
each cell makes its own
ATP
ATP is a phosphorylated
nucleotide
bonds that hold the 3 phosphate groups and the ribose together
one phosphate ester bond and 2 phosphate anhydride bonds
phosphate anhydride bonds have
high energy
phosphate ester bonds have
low energy
like charges repel so easy hydrolysis starts from
the terminal phosphate group, the phosphate anhydride bonds
ATP hydrolysis conditions
stable, high activation energy, needs enzyme ATPase
